An apparatus for sensing radiation is provided. Certain examples provide an apparatus including: a first layer including a sensor, wherein the sensor is configured to be responsive to changes in an electric field in the vicinity of the sensor; a second layer including a substrate configured to produce charge carriers in response to incident radiation; and a third layer including a plurality of electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to be selectively addressed during a readout operation of the sensor. Certain examples, relate to an apparatus for sensing X-rays or sensing neutrons including a graphene field effect transistor.

A detector assembly includes a hollow body in which a printed circuit board, a resistive plate, a drilled board, a drift volume, and a cathode are disposed. A surface of the printed circuit board exposed to the resistive plate includes printed circuit lines for measuring first and second coordinates of a charge event. The hollow body can include a sealable opening to remove contaminants outgassed from one or more components of the detector assembly and to fill the hollow body with an operational gas. The sealable opening can be fluidly coupled to a gas and vacuum system to reduce the concentration of the outgassed contaminants.

A detector assembly includes a hollow body in which a printed circuit board, a resistive plate, a drilled board, a drift volume, and a cathode are disposed. A surface of the printed circuit board exposed to the resistive plate includes printed circuit lines for measuring first and second coordinates of a charge event. The hollow body can include a sealable opening to remove contaminants outgassed from one or more components of the detector assembly and to fill the hollow body with an operational gas. The sealable opening can be fluidly coupled to a gas and vacuum system to reduce the concentration of the outgassed contaminants.

A detector assembly includes an insulating substrate, a printed circuit board, a resistive, plate, a drilled board, a drift volume, and a cathode. A surface of the printed circuit board exposed to the resistive plate includes printed circuit lines for measuring first and second coordinates of a charge event. A mechanical assembly applies a force between the insulating substrate and the resistive a plate to form an electrical contact between the printed circuit lines on the printed circuit board and the resistive plate without the use of an electrical adhesive.

A detector assembly includes an insulating substrate, a printed circuit board, a resistive, plate, a drilled board, a drift volume, and a cathode. A surface of the printed circuit board exposed to the resistive plate includes printed circuit lines for measuring first and second coordinates of a charge event. A mechanical assembly applies a force between the insulating substrate and the resistive a plate to form an electrical contact between the printed circuit lines on the printed circuit board and the resistive plate without the use of an electrical adhesive.

A radiation detector includes a housing configured to contain a volume of water, the housing including an interior surface adjacent a first portion of the water having a first net charge. The radiation detector also includes a first electrode coupled to the housing within the first portion of the water, and a second electrode coupled to the housing within a second portion of the water adjacent the first portion of the water. The radiation detector further includes a current detector connected in series between the first electrode and the second electrode, the current detector configured to detect a current associated with an ionized radiation product that enters the housing.

A solid-state radiation detector includes a pattern of conductive metal on a zinc oxide substrate. The pattern provides an arrangement of interdigitated electrode fingers. The wide band gap substrate is sensitive to UV light, which can cause a conductivity change in the substrate. The electrode fingers are configured to sense a difference in substrate conductivity resulting from UV light. The detector has a fast response time, which enables it to detect Cherenkov light. The compact detector provides savings on size, weight, and required power. Thus, the solid-state detector can be used to replace photomultiplier tubes in Cherenkov detectors. The features of the novel detector allow for an improved system to detect and monitor UV radiation, especially during deep space missions.

A radiation detector and a method of operating the radiation detector. The radiation detector includes: a photoconductive layer between the array substrate and the counter electrode and having a particle-in-binder (PIB) structure in which a photoconductive particle and a binder are mixed; and an optical unit for providing light energy to the photoconductive layer to detrap a charge trapped in an interface between the photoconductive particle and the binder. The light energy includes ultraviolet rays and/or visible rays.

An x-ray generator tube comprises a vacuum chamber with a cathode and an anode, the cathode and anode placed in the vacuum chamber, the cathode emits an electron beam in the direction of the anode, the anode includes a target emitting x-rays when it is struck by the electron beam, and the x-rays propagate out of the vacuum chamber by passing through the wall of the chamber via a diamond-based transmission window. According to the invention, a diamond-based x-ray sensor is integrated into the diamond-based transmission window.

An x-ray generator tube comprises a vacuum chamber with a cathode and an anode, the cathode and anode placed in the vacuum chamber, the cathode emits an electron beam in the direction of the anode, the anode includes a target emitting x-rays when it is struck by the electron beam, and the x-rays propagate out of the vacuum chamber by passing through the wall of the chamber via a diamond-based transmission window. According to the invention, a diamond-based x-ray sensor is integrated into the diamond-based transmission window.