A read network topology for a matrix output device with a number of outputs determined by cross-joining m rows and n columns comprises a basic filtering block replicated for all the outputs and separately assigned to each of the outputs; each filtering block contains two filtering circuits that have a common input connection to the assigned matrix output and that provide two separate symmetrical and filtered outputs; all the row outputs (i) from the same row i but from different columns are interconnected to an input of an amplifier linked to row i, and all the column outputs (j) from the same column j but from different rows are connected together to an input of an amplifier linked to column j, the complete topology appearing when i and j are expanded in the respective intervals thereof.

A read network topology for a matrix output device with a number of outputs determined by cross-joining m rows and n columns comprises a basic filtering block replicated for all the outputs and separately assigned to each of the outputs; each filtering block contains two filtering circuits that have a common input connection to the assigned matrix output and that provide two separate symmetrical and filtered outputs; all the row outputs (i) from the same row i but from different columns are interconnected to an input of an amplifier linked to row i, and all the column outputs (j) from the same column j but from different rows are connected together to an input of an amplifier linked to column j, the complete topology appearing when i and j are expanded in the respective intervals thereof.

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) suitable for detecting a photon, comprising: an electron ejector configured for emitting primary electrons in response to an incident photon; a detector configured for collecting electrons and providing an output signal representative of the incident photon; and a series of vertical electrodes between the electron ejector and the detector, wherein each of the vertical electrodes is configured for emitting secondary electrons in response to incident electrons, and each of the vertical electrodes is parallel to a straight line connecting the electron ejector and the detector.

A signal detected by a photomultiplier tube is pre-amplified and converted into a digital signal. A time average value of signal components, each of which has a voltage lower than a predetermined base threshold value, is calculated as a base voltage. A signal that has been subjected to base correction processing is subjected to threshold value processing and to base correction processing in a non-incident state in which light is not incident on the photomultiplier tube. An output signal thereof is subjected to dark current calculation processing; and a light emission signal amount is calculated by subtracting, from the signal component of the detection light obtained by the threshold value processing, a time average value of the signal components of the dark current. As the result, discriminating the dark current pulse from floor noises enhances the accuracy of the base voltage, and thus the accuracy of light detection.

A detector (100) comprises an upstream ionization chamber (110), a downstream detector chamber (120) and a signal processor (160). The ionization chamber (110) comprises a first electrode (111), a second electrode (112) and an ionization chamber gas (114). The detector chamber (120) comprises a converter unit (130) adapted to convert incident radiation (6) into electrons (8), an electron amplification device (140) adapted to produce further electrons (9) from the electrons (8), a read-out device (150) adapted to generate a signal representative of the incident radiation (6) and a detector chamber gas (121). The signal processor (160) is adapted to generate a corrected signal by processing the signal representative of the incident radiation (6) based on a current signal representative of an ionization current measured between the first electrode (111) and the second electrode (112) and induced by the incident radiation (6).

A detector (100) comprises an upstream ionization chamber (110), a downstream detector chamber (120) and a signal processor (160). The ionization chamber (110) comprises a first electrode (111), a second electrode (112) and an ionization chamber gas (114). The detector chamber (120) comprises a converter unit (130) adapted to convert incident radiation (6) into electrons (8), an electron amplification device (140) adapted to produce further electrons (9) from the electrons (8), a read-out device (150) adapted to generate a signal representative of the incident radiation (6) and a detector chamber gas (121). The signal processor (160) is adapted to generate a corrected signal by processing the signal representative of the incident radiation (6) based on a current signal representative of an ionization current measured between the first electrode (111) and the second electrode (112) and induced by the incident radiation (6).

An article can include a body including a fluorescent material and a wavelength shifting fiber. In an embodiment, the fiber can have a cross-sectional dimension of at least 1.5 mm, and outer dimensions of the body define a volume of at least 5 liters. In another embodiment, the article can include wavelength shifting fibers organized in at least two rows and at least columns. In another aspect, a radiation detector can include a body including a fluorescent material; a wavelength shifting fiber having a cross-sectional area; and a photosensor including a light-receiving surface having a light-receiving area of at least 9 mm.sup.2, wherein the cross-sectional area of the wavelength shifting fiber is at least 25% of the light-receiving area. The article and radiation detector are well suited for relatively large radiation detectors that have bodies with relatively short attenuation lengths.

An article can include a body including a fluorescent material and a wavelength shifting fiber. In an embodiment, the fiber can have a cross-sectional dimension of at least 1.5 mm, and outer dimensions of the body define a volume of at least 5 liters. In another embodiment, the article can include wavelength shifting fibers organized in at least two rows and at least columns. In another aspect, a radiation detector can include a body including a fluorescent material; a wavelength shifting fiber having a cross-sectional area; and a photosensor including a light-receiving surface having a light-receiving area of at least 9 mm.sup.2, wherein the cross-sectional area of the wavelength shifting fiber is at least 25% of the light-receiving area. The article and radiation detector are well suited for relatively large radiation detectors that have bodies with relatively short attenuation lengths.

A radiation detector can include a logic element configured to determine an adjusted value for light emission of a luminescent material. A method of using the radiation detector can include determining an adjusted value of a luminescent material. The adjustment can be based on an inverse correlation between decay times corresponding to signal pulses and values of light emissions corresponding to the signal pulses. In an embodiment, the logic element may be further configured to obtain a measured value of a decay time and a measured value for the light emission, and determining an adjusted value for the light emission can be based on the measured value of the decay time and measured value for the light emission.

A radiation detector can include a logic element configured to determine an adjusted value for light emission of a luminescent material. A method of using the radiation detector can include determining an adjusted value of a luminescent material. The adjustment can be based on an inverse correlation between decay times corresponding to signal pulses and values of light emissions corresponding to the signal pulses. In an embodiment, the logic element may be further configured to obtain a measured value of a decay time and a measured value for the light emission, and determining an adjusted value for the light emission can be based on the measured value of the decay time and measured value for the light emission.