A Fast Faraday cup includes a group of electrodes including a ground electrode having a through hole and a collector electrode configured with a blind hole that functions a collector hole. The electrodes are configured to allow a beam (e.g., a non-relativistic beam) to fall onto the ground electrode so that the through hole cuts a beamlet that flies into the collector hole and facilitates measurement of the longitudinal distribution of particle charge density in the beam. The diameters, depths, spacing and alignment of the collector hole and the through hole are controllable to enable the Fast Faraday day cup to operate with a fast response time (e.g., fine time resolution) and capture secondary particles.

A focused ion beam (FIB) is used to mill beam spots into a substrate at a variety of ion beam column settings to form a set of training images that are used to train a convolutional neural network. After the neural network is trained, an ion beam can be adjusted by obtaining spot image which is processed with the neural network. The neural network can provide a magnitude and direction of defocus, aperture position, lens adjustments, or other ion beam or ion beam column settings. In some cases, adjustments are not made by the neural network, but serve to indicate that the ion beam and associated ion column continue to operate stably, and additional adjustment is not required.

Apparatus for measuring radiation beam energy output from a radiation beam source, comprising a first beam energy sensor at a first distance from the radiation beam source along the radiation beam axis; a second beam energy sensor located at a second distance from the radiation beam source along the radiation beam axis; and an energy absorbing layer, for example a layer that removes a part of the low energy content of the beam or a layer that absorbs at least 1% of the beam energy, located between the first and second sensors, and positioned such that radiation passing through the first sensor also passes through the energy absorbing layer before entering the second sensor.

A light pulse is emitted from a light source for illuminating a medium. Energy level data of the light pulse is measured before the light pulse enters the medium. An image sensor captures an image that includes an interference pattern generated by an exit signal of the light pulse exiting the medium interfering with a reference wavefront. Normalized intensity data is generated by normalizing intensity data exit signal data by the energy level data.

A sample may be inspected by making particles traverse the sample. The particles that have traversed the sample hit a detector one-by-one. In response thereto, the detector provides a sequence of respective detection outputs. The sequence of respective detection outputs is processed so as to identify respective locations where respective incident particles have hit the detector. An image is generated on the basis of the respective locations that have been identified. In order to determine a location where an incident particle has hit the detector, an evaluation is made with regard to pre-established respective associations between, on the one hand, respective locations where incident particles have hit the detector and, on the other hand, respective detection outputs.

A function/process of recording marker position data and spot data is provided. The marker position data includes position information of a marker 29 measured for tumor tracking irradiation and information on time of execution of X-ray imaging. The spot data includes information on time of irradiation of each spot, a delivered irradiation position, and a delivered irradiation amount. The marker position data and the spot data are synchronized based on the time information, and by using the marker position data and the spot data upon spot irradiation, a delivered dose distribution of proton irradiation is calculated. With this configuration, it is possible to take the influence of interplay effect into consideration, and it is possible to support to make more appropriate determination upon replanning of a treatment plan.

An ion chamber has a chamber having an interior volume. There is a first electrode and a second electrode in the chamber and separated by a gap. A collector electrode is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The collector electrode is shaped to occlude a portion of the first electrode from the second electrode.

An X-ray phase contrast imaging system includes an X-ray source, a detector, a plurality of gratings including a first grating and a second grating, and a grating positional displacement acquisition section configured to obtain a positional displacement of the grating based on a Fourier transform image obtained by Fourier transforming an interference fringe image detected by the detector.

The present disclosure provides for Non-Destructive Inspection of craft operating in high-atmosphere or outer space, by positioning a scintillating detector array leeward to a structural element of the craft relative to the Sun; collecting, by the detector array while the craft is in flight, solar radiation passing through the structural element; and outputting a radiographic image based on the solar radiation collected to an image analyzer. The image analyzer may composite several images taken over a period of time or decomposite images of intervening structural elements from the radiographic images. Automated alerts for non-conformances between the radiographic images and earlier-taken or architectural images are provided to users.

Systems, methods, and devices for determining relative and absolute positions and orientations of a detector and an inspection part of a CT system. In some cases positions/orientations of the detector and the inspection part can be defined, at least in part, by tilt angles relative to reference axes and/or planes defined by various combinations of the reference axes. In some embodiments, sensors coupled to the detector and to a stage assembly having the inspection part coupled thereto can be used to determine the tilt angles of the inspection part and the detector, respectively. Data from the sensors characterizing tilt angles of the detector and the inspection part can be used to adjust projectional radiographs of the inspection part to correct for the mechanical wobble of the stage. By using tilt data to adjust projectional radiographs, the quality of tomographic images and 3-dimensional reconstructions of the inspection part can be improved.