Disclosed is an electronic system for resetting the voltage of a charge-sensitive pre-amplifier having input from an X-ray detector and output to an ADC. The pre-amplifier gain is increased so that the RMS ADC noise is less than 1% of a representative digitized X-ray signal. The reset logic is configured to avoid loss of X-ray counts and to prevent the pre-amplifier output being outside the allowable input range of the ADC. Reset is initiated when the pre-amplifier output rises above an upper level, which is below the maximum allowable ADC input. Reset is also initiated when a pile-up event is detected, provided that such reset will not cause the pre-amplifier output to fall below the minimum allowable ADC input. At each reset a known amount of charge is removed from the pre-amplifier, and the reset time is continuously adjusted to ensure that the charge amount does not drift.

This application discloses a method and an apparatus for processing a nuclear energy spectrum. The apparatus includes: a detector, a nuclear pulse processing module, and a nuclear energy spectrum processing module; the detector is configured to detect nuclear radiation and convert the nuclear radiation into nuclear pulse signals with corresponding amplitudes; the nuclear pulse processing module is configured to shape the nuclear pulse signals into narrow pulses, and perform amplitude analysis on the narrow pulses to generate the nuclear energy spectrum; the nuclear energy spectrum processing module is configured to reduce a value of an energy resolution of the nuclear energy spectrum to obtain the nuclear energy spectrum with the energy resolution of the reduced value.

The invention provides a semiconductor detector, and the semiconductor detector comprises a semiconductor crystal, a cathode, an anode and at least one ladder electrode; the semiconductor crystal comprises a top surface, a bottom surface and at least one side; the cathode, the anode and the ladder electrode are conductive thin films deposited on a surface of the semiconductor crystal; the cathode is disposed on the bottom surface of the semiconductor crystal, the anode is disposed on the top surface of the semiconductor crystal, the ladder electrode is disposed on the at least one side of the semiconductor crystal; and the ladder electrode comprises a plurality of sub-electrodes. As compared to the prior art, the semiconductor detector can improve the energy resolution.

The present technology relates to a photoelectric conversion element, a measuring method of the same, a solid-state imaging device, an electronic device, and a solar cell capable of further improving a quantum efficiency in a photoelectric conversion element using a photoelectric conversion layer including an organic semiconductor material. The photoelectric conversion element includes two electrodes forming a positive electrode (11) and a negative electrode (14), at least one charge blocking layer (13, 15) arranged between the two electrodes, and a photoelectric conversion layer (12) arranged between the two electrodes. The at least one charge blocking layer is an electron blocking layer (13) or a hole blocking layer (15), and a potential of the charge blocking layer is bent. The present technology is applied to, for example, a solid-state imaging device, a solar cell, and the like having a photoelectric conversion element.

A radiation monitoring device realizes a high measurement function. Therefore, a radiation monitoring device includes: a radiation detection unit including a phosphor that emits light by incident radiation; a photodetector that converts a single photon or a photon group having a plurality of the single photons generated by the radiation detection unit into an electric pulse signal; and an analysis unit that analyzes the electric pulse signal. The phosphor emits light based on a plurality of light emission phenomena having different decay time constants. The analysis unit includes: a signal discrimination circuit that discriminates the electric pulse signal output from the photodetector; a dose rate calculation circuit that calculates a dose rate of the radiation based on a count rate of the discriminated electric pulse signal; and an application energy calculation circuit that calculates application energy of the radiation based on a peak value of the discriminated electric pulse signal.

In an embodiment a method for operating a radiation detection system having at least one radiation detector and at least one signal filter includes supplying an input signal to the at least one signal filter by the at least one radiation detector, the input signal having step-shaped signal rises, each step-shaped signal rise having a rise time, determining the rise time of a respective step-shaped signal rise, specifying a waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise in each case such that the waiting time is greater than or equal to the rise time of the respective step-shaped signal rise and producing an output signal of the at least one signal filter, data point pairs of the input signal being processed in which a time interval of data points from each other is equal to the waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise, wherein at least 80% of rise times of the step-shaped signal rises lie between 10 ns and 800 ns inclusive, and wherein the at least one radiation detector includes a silicon drift detector having a radiation entry window of at least 5 mm.sup.2.

Disclosed herein is a detector, comprising: a plurality of strip pixels, wherein each of the strip pixel is configured to count numbers of radiation photons incident thereon whose energy falls in a plurality of bins, within a period of time.

The present teaching relates to methods, systems, and apparatus for X-ray imaging with a detector capable of resolving photon energy. In one example, an X-ray microscope is disclosed. The X-ray microscope comprises an X-ray source and a detector. The X-ray source is configured for irradiating X-ray to a sample. The detector is configured for: detecting X-ray photons from the irradiated X-ray, determining energy of each of the detected X-ray photons, and generating an image of the sample based on detected X-ray photons that have energies in a predetermined range.

The present invention concerns a sensitive field effect device (100) comprising a semiconductor channel (110), a source electrode (120) connected to said semiconductor channel (110), a drain electrode (130) connected to said semiconductor channel (110), such that said semiconductor channel (110) is interposed between said source electrode (120) and said drain electrode (130), a gate electrode (140) and a dielectric layer (150) interposed between said gate electrode (140) and said semiconductor channel (110), characterized in that said semiconductor channel (110) is a layer and is made of an amorphous oxide and in that said sensor means (170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 175) are configured to change the voltage between said gate electrode (140) and said source electrode (120) upon a sensing event capable of changing their electrical state. The present invention also concerns a sensor and a method for manufacturing said field effect device (100).

A hybrid radiation detector is described comprising a first energy discriminating detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a lower energy range and a second detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a higher energy rage and a second detector element. In embodiments, a first detector element comprises a semiconductor detector; and a second detector element comprises a scintillator detector. The first detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a first, lower energy range and/or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation emergent from a target of such energy that the photoelectric effect predominates as an attenuation mode in the target; and the second detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a second, higher energy range and/or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation of a generally higher energy. A method of detecting radiation using such a hybrid detector is also described.