In some embodiments, an apparatus and a system, as well as a method and an article, may operate to receive gamma ray measurements from a gamma ray detector; to generate a spectrum based on the gamma ray measurements, the spectrum including a plurality of channels and count rates for the plurality of channels, wherein a channel number of a channel corresponds to energy values of the received gamma rays; to fit a curve to a portion of the spectrum; to determine a location of the maximum of the first derivative of the curve; and to adjust a gain of the gamma ray detector based on the location of the maximum of the first derivative of the curve. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

In some embodiments, an apparatus and a system, as well as a method and an article, may operate to receive gamma ray measurements from a gamma ray detector; to generate a spectrum based on the gamma ray measurements, the spectrum including a plurality of channels and count rates for the plurality of channels, wherein a channel number of a channel corresponds to energy values of the received gamma rays; to fit a curve to a portion of the spectrum; to determine a location of the maximum of the first derivative of the curve; and to adjust a gain of the gamma ray detector based on the location of the maximum of the first derivative of the curve. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Embodiments are directed generally to an ionizing-radiation beamline monitoring system that includes a vacuum chamber structure with vacuum compatible flanges through which an incident ionizing-radiation beam enters the monitoring system. Embodiments further include at least one scintillator within the vacuum chamber structure that can be at least partially translated in the ionizing-radiation beam while oriented at an angle greater than 10 degrees to a normal of the incident ionizing-radiation beam, a machine vision camera coupled to a light-tight structure at atmospheric/ambient pressure that is attached to the vacuum chamber structure by a flange attached to a vacuum-tight viewport window with the camera and lens optical axis oriented at an angle of less than 80 degrees with respect to a normal of the scintillator, and at least one ultraviolet (“UV”) illumination source facing the scintillator in the ionizing-radiation beam for monitoring a scintillator stability comprising scintillator radiation damage.

Embodiments are directed generally to an ionizing-radiation beamline monitoring system that includes a vacuum chamber structure with vacuum compatible flanges through which an incident ionizing-radiation beam enters the monitoring system. Embodiments further include at least one scintillator within the vacuum chamber structure that can be at least partially translated in the ionizing-radiation beam while oriented at an angle greater than 10 degrees to a normal of the incident ionizing-radiation beam, a machine vision camera coupled to a light-tight structure at atmospheric/ambient pressure that is attached to the vacuum chamber structure by a flange attached to a vacuum-tight viewport window with the camera and lens optical axis oriented at an angle of less than 80 degrees with respect to a normal of the scintillator, and at least one ultraviolet (“UV”) illumination source facing the scintillator in the ionizing-radiation beam for monitoring a scintillator stability comprising scintillator radiation damage.

A method and device are provided for obtaining the energy of nuclear radiation from a scintillation detector system for the measurement of nuclear radiation the device comprising a scintillation crystal, a light readout detector and a fast digital sampling analog to digital converter. The method comprises obtaining the anode current at the LRD for at least one scintillation event with N photo electron charges at the entrance of the LRD, sampling the measured anode current, obtaining the function of the scintillation pulse charges Q.sub.dint(N, G) at the anode of the LRD from said scintillation events, obtaining the RMS of the noise power charge Q.sub.drms(N, G), obtaining the function Q.sub.dSN(N) by calculating the ratio of Q.sub.dint(N, G) and Q.sub.drms(N, G), obtaining the constant gradient k from the function Q.sub.dSN(N)=Q.sub.dint(N, G)/Q.sub.drms(N, G)=k*N, and obtaining N.

A method and device are provided for obtaining the energy of nuclear radiation from a scintillation detector system for the measurement of nuclear radiation the device comprising a scintillation crystal, a light readout detector and a fast digital sampling analog to digital converter. The method comprises obtaining the anode current at the LRD for at least one scintillation event with N photo electron charges at the entrance of the LRD, sampling the measured anode current, obtaining the function of the scintillation pulse charges Q.sub.dint(N, G) at the anode of the LRD from said scintillation events, obtaining the RMS of the noise power charge Q.sub.drms(N, G), obtaining the function Q.sub.dSN(N) by calculating the ratio of Q.sub.dint(N, G) and Q.sub.drms(N, G), obtaining the constant gradient k from the function Q.sub.dSN(N)=Q.sub.dint(N, G)/Q.sub.drms(N, G)=k*N, and obtaining N.

Disclosed are circuits for automatic calibration of the gain of electronic amplification and digitization systems for use with X-ray detectors. The calibration is based on injecting predetermined pulses into the electronic system and deriving a calibration ratio based the digital value of their amplitude with the digital value of the same pulses, unamplified and digitized with a high accuracy reference ADC. All ADCs, as well as the DACs used to control the pulser amplitude are referenced to a single common reference voltage. Calibration for non-linearity of the gain is disclosed with an alternative embodiment for the same circuits.

A medical diagnostic-imaging apparatus of an embodiment includes plural converters and processing circuitry. The converters output an electrical signal based on an incident radioactive ray. The processing circuitry identifies a first signal intensity that is a signal intensity corresponding to a peak of the number of the radioactive rays based on a relationship between a signal intensity of an electrical signal output from the convertor and the number of incident radioactive rays, for each of the converters. The processing circuitry identifies a second signal intensity that is a signal intensity corresponding to energy of a radioactive ray that has entered therein without scattering, based on a relationship between the signal intensity and the number of radioactive rays in a higher intensity than the first signal intensity. The processing circuitry corrects a signal intensity of an electrical signal that is output from the respective converters such that the second signal intensity identified for each of the converters matches with a target signal intensity.

The present invention relates to determining baseline shift of an electrical signal generated by a photon detector (102) of an X-ray examination device (101). For this purpose, the photon detector comprises a processing unit (103) that is configured to determine a first crossing frequency of a first pulse height threshold by the electrical signal generated by the photon detector. The first pulse height threshold is located at a first edge of a noise peak in the pulse height spectrum of the electrical signal.

In a radiation measurement device in which respective wave height values of voltage pulses from a radiation detector are made to correspond to radiation energy values and a count that is the number of the voltage pulses is separately generated for each of a plurality of channels corresponding to the wave height values so that a wave height spectrum is generated and a dose of a radiation that has entered the radiation detector is calculated based on the wave height spectrum, based on a count in at least one channel, out of the plurality of channels, that includes a lower limit within a measurement range for the radiation energy value, a dose is corrected by calculating a portion thereof neglected as what is the same as or smaller than a measurement limit, so that a dose of a radiation that has entered the radiation detector is calculated.