A method and apparatus of locating subsurface geohazards in a geographical area that includes: receiving a plurality of seismic trace signals in the geographical area based on a shot gather from a seismic shot source; isolating and stacking the plurality of seismic trace signals to generate a windowed trace signal associated with refraction traces from the seismic shot source; transforming the windowed trace signal to a frequency domain; calculating a low frequency to high frequency ratio for the transformed trace signal; outputting the calculated ratio to a two-dimensional array representing the geographical area at a source location and at a mean receiver location; repeating the steps for a plurality of other shot gathers in the geographical area; and multiplying each source location ratio with one or more mean receiver location ratios on the two-dimensional array to generate a final frequency ratio map.

A method and system for forming a seismic image of a subterranean region are disclosed. The method includes determining an initial plan for a seismic survey with a value for each member of a set of acquisition parameters and acquiring a first seismic dataset from a first portion of the seismic survey based on the initial plan. The method further includes transmitting the first seismic dataset to a seismic processor, determining a first seismic image from the first seismic dataset by performing expedited seismic processing and determining a first updated plan for the seismic survey based on the first seismic image and acquiring a second seismic dataset from a second portion of the seismic survey based on the first updated plan. The method still further includes transmitting the second seismic dataset to the seismic processor and determining the seismic based on the first seismic dataset and the second seismic dataset.

A method and apparatus for seismic analysis include obtaining an initial geophysical model and seismic data for a subsurface region; producing a subsurface image of the subsurface region with the seismic data and the geophysical model; generating a map of one or more geologic features of the subsurface region by automatically interpreting the subsurface image; and iteratively updating the geophysical model, subsurface image, and map of geologic features by: building an updated geophysical model based on the geophysical model of a prior iteration constrained by one or more geologic features from the prior iteration; imaging the seismic data with the updated geophysical model to produce an updated subsurface image; and automatically interpreting the updated subsurface image to generate an updated map of geologic features. The method and apparatus may also include post-stack migration, pre-stack time migration, pre-stack depth migration, reverse-time migration, gradient-based tomography, and/or gradient-based inversion methods.

Systems and methods are provided for generating a model for detection of seismic events. In this regard, one or more processors may receive from one or more stations located along an underwater optical route, one or more time series of polarization states of a detected light signal during a time period. The one or more processors may transform the one or more time series of polarization states into one or more spectrums in a frequency domain. Seismic activity data for the time period may be received by the one or more processors, where the seismic activity data include one or more seismic events detected in a region at least partially overlapping the underwater optical route. The one or more processors then generate a model for detecting seismic events based on the one or more spectrums and the seismic activity data.

Methods and systems, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium can be used for an integrated methodology that can be used by a computing system to automate processes for generating, and updating (e.g., in real-time), subsurface reservoir models. The methodology and automated approaches employ technologies relating to machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to process seismic data and information relating to seismic facies.

Systems and methods to estimate a pore pressure of source rock include a pore pressure estimation processor, an executable, or both, and are operable to (i) calculate an estimate pore pressure based on overburden gradient data, a compaction velocity profile, hydrocarbon maturity, and an unloading velocity profile, (ii) determine a total organic content (TOC) estimate of the source rock based on a bulk density at a vertical depth measured using the density logging tool, (iii) determine a correction factor based on (a) the TOC estimate and (b) vitrinite ratio R.sub.o data, and (iv) update the estimated pore pressure in real-time based on the correction factor.

Disclosed are methods of marine 3D seismic data acquisition that do not require compensation for winds and currents.

Implementations for monitoring seismic data recorded in a marine survey of a subterranean formation for coverage gaps are described herein. Implementations include computing Fresnel sum operators for Fresnel zones of the subterranean formation based on a Kirchhoff migration impulse response at horizons of a representative plane layer model of a survey area of the subterranean formation. Implementations also include computing an acceptability map of the survey area based on the Fresnel sum operators. The acceptability map reveals coverage gaps in the survey area. Geoscientist may use the acceptability map to infill seismic data in areas of the survey area that correspond to the coverage gaps.

Implementations for monitoring seismic data recorded in a marine survey of a subterranean formation for coverage gaps are described herein. Implementations include computing Fresnel sum operators for Fresnel zones of the subterranean formation based on a Kirchhoff migration impulse response at horizons of a representative plane layer model of a survey area of the subterranean formation. Implementations also include computing an acceptability map of the survey area based on the Fresnel sum operators. The acceptability map reveals coverage gaps in the survey area. Geoscientist may use the acceptability map to infill seismic data in areas of the survey area that correspond to the coverage gaps.

A method of exploring for hydrocarbons in a region, including the steps of obtaining seismic data for the region corresponding to two or more different times and analyzing the seismic data corresponding to the two or more different times to determine whether there are any changes in the seismic data.