A method is described for seismic imaging including receiving a pre-stack seismic dataset and an earth model at one or more computer processors; performing least-squares reverse time migration of the pre-stack seismic dataset using the earth model to create a digital seismic image, wherein the least-squares reverse time migration includes wave-equation forward modeling based on an asymptotic expression for reflection in a subsurface Kirchhoff integral; and generating a display of the digital seismic image on a graphical user interface.

Systems and methods for surveying a seafloor utilize two or more of seismic data, acoustic data and electrical potential or resistivity data to identify the locations of objects on or beneath the seafloor. The methods involve moving survey equipment over a geographic area of the seafloor and conducting a plurality of sensing or detecting operations while moving the survey equipment over the geographic area. The plurality of operations include two or more of: (1) a seismic operation that emits seismic energy toward the seafloor and collects seismic data based on seismic energy that returns from the seafloor, (2) an acoustic operation that emits acoustic energy toward the seafloor and collects acoustic data based on acoustic energy that returns from the seafloor, and/or (3) an electrical operation that supplies electrical power into seawater and that collects electric potential data indicative of electric potential that is induced into the seawater.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses for generating a subsurface image using diffraction energy information are disclosed. The systems, methods, and apparatuses may include converting a shot gather into one or more plane-wave gather using a Radon transform. The plane-wave gathers may be extrapolated into source-side wavefields and receiver-side wavefields and further generate a pseudo dip-angle gather. The diffraction energy information may be extracted from the pseudo dip-angle gather, and an image containing subsurface features may be generated from the extracted diffraction energy information. The receiver-side wavefields may be decomposed using a recursive Radon transform.

A method for graphically representing a subterranean space from the perspective of a point within the subterranean space, in some embodiments, comprises: obtaining data associated with the subterranean space, said data corresponding to a plurality of coordinates in a first coordinate system; associating the data for each of said plurality of coordinates with one or more corresponding coordinates in a second coordinate system; generating a different model of the subterranean space based on the data and said associations; and displaying the different model on a display, wherein the different model represents the subterranean space from the perspective of a point within the subterranean space.

A measure of structural growth of subsurface geological formations layers or intervals is obtained to investigate and analyze layer structure development history. The measure or indication can be considered a structural growth index (SGI) and is used to evaluate for possible presence of hydrocarbons in the layers or strata in a structure of concern. The structural growth measure or index for a given geologic interval of interest is defined as the ratio of the layer thickness difference measured at two selected locations, one at a structural high and the other at a structural low of layer or interval, over the larger number of the paired-thickness measurements. The structural growth measure is determined for a series of sequentially layered geologic formations of interest and displays of determined measures are formed as functions of geologic time for the formations. Based on the structural growth measure, the geologic growth history of the given oil field structure is revealed quantitatively.

An artificial intelligence calculation method and apparatus for monitoring an earthquake in real time based on edge cloud cooperation is applied to a micro-earthquake data processing system. The micro-earthquake data processing system includes an edge calculation device and a remote server in communication connection with the edge calculation device. The remote server deploys a micro-earthquake data analyzing model based on an artificial intelligence to the edge calculation device in advance. The method includes steps of receiving, by the remote server, effective event data related to the micro-earthquake from the edge calculation device; performing a transfer training to the micro-earthquake data analyzing model by the remote server according to the effective event data; and updating the model after the micro-earthquake data analyzing model that has been transfer-trained is transmitted to the edge calculation device by the remote server.

An artificial intelligence calculation method and apparatus for monitoring an earthquake in real time based on edge cloud cooperation is applied to a micro-earthquake data processing system. The micro-earthquake data processing system includes an edge calculation device and a remote server in communication connection with the edge calculation device. The remote server deploys a micro-earthquake data analyzing model based on an artificial intelligence to the edge calculation device in advance. The method includes steps of receiving, by the remote server, effective event data related to the micro-earthquake from the edge calculation device; performing a transfer training to the micro-earthquake data analyzing model by the remote server according to the effective event data; and updating the model after the micro-earthquake data analyzing model that has been transfer-trained is transmitted to the edge calculation device by the remote server.

Methods and systems for forming a three-dimensional (“3D”) seismic image of a subterranean region of interest is disclosed. The method includes obtaining a seismic dataset a seismic trace for each of a plurality of pairs of one source and one receiver location and obtaining a 3D travel-time cube for each source location and each receiver location. The method further includes dividing the seismic dataset into a plurality of seismic subsets composed of set of source locations, set of receiver locations a seismic trace for each pair of source and receiver location and the 3D travel-time cube for each source for each receiver location. The method still further includes transmitting, to a random-access memory block of a computer processing unit the seismic subset, and forming a seismic partial image based on the seismic subset, and determining the 3D seismic image based on a combination of the seismic partial images.

A system and method for determining a set of first breaks of a seismic dataset are disclosed, the method including obtaining the seismic dataset composed of a plurality of seismic traces and a provisional first break for each seismic trace. The method further includes selecting a plurality of proximal picks for each seismic trace, determining a near-offset pick for each seismic trace starting with shortest offset and sequentially selecting traces in order of increasing offset, and determining a far-offset pick for each seismic trace starting with the farthest offset and sequentially selecting traces in order of decreasing offset. The method further includes determining a set of coincident picks based on the near-offset and the far-offset picks for each seismic trace, fitting a curve to the set of coincident picks, and determining the set of first breaks of the seismic dataset from the curve.

A symmetry attribute is described that may be used for determining seismic stratigraphic features in a formation. In one example, seismic input data from a formation is processed to determine an attribute by selecting a center trace, assigning a first cluster of the traces to a left image and a second cluster of the traces to a right image, and determining symmetry about the center trace between the left and the right images.