Surface wave coda in seismic data recorded with a data acquisition system over an underground formation is estimated using time-reversal experiments. First time-reversal experiments use a first time-reversal mirror including a target source and one or more other sources to obtain estimates of surface waves traveling from other receivers to a target receiver. Second time-reversal experiments obtain a coda estimate for a surface wave traveling from the target source to the target receiver using a second time-reversal mirror including the target receiver and the other receivers.

Estimating an earth response can include deconvolving a multi-dimensional source wavefield from near-continuously recorded seismic data recorded at a receiver position. The deconvolving can include spreading the near-continuously recorded seismic data across a plurality of possible source emission angles. The result of the deconvolution can be the earth response estimate.

Estimating an earth response can include deconvolving a multi-dimensional source wavefield from near-continuously recorded seismic data recorded at a receiver position. The deconvolving can include spreading the near-continuously recorded seismic data across a plurality of possible source emission angles. The result of the deconvolution can be the earth response estimate.

Noise can be attenuated in marine seismic data from a marine seismic survey. A first near-continuous measurement of a wavefield and a second near-continuous measurement of the wavefield recorded from a marine seismic survey can be equalized, a coherent portion of the equalized second near-continuous measurement can be collapsed, and a noise model can be derived. The noise model can be subtracted from the second near-continuous measurement.

A marine streamer spread for acquiring seismic data, the spread including a streamer having a first portion and a second portion; the first portion including both first pressure sensors and pressure derivative sensors for acquiring the seismic data; and the second portion including second pressure sensors. The first portion imparts ghost diversity to the seismic data by having a variable-depth profile and the pressure derivative sensors impart polarity diversity to the seismic data.

An apparatus for baseline estimation in input signal data is configured to retrieve input signal data (I(x.sub.i)) and to subtract baseline estimation data (ƒ(x.sub.i)) from the input signal data (I(x.sub.i)) to compute output signal data. The apparatus is further configured to compute the baseline estimation data (ƒ(x.sub.i)) from a convolution using a discrete Green's function (G(x.sub.i)).

A method and apparatus for imaging seismic data includes obtaining an initial model of a subsurface formation, wherein the model includes a plurality of nodes that form at least part of a grid; an initial dip value for the nodes; and a set of origin coordinates for each of the nodes; performing bottom-up ray tracing for each node in the model, resulting in a set of arrival coordinates for each node; identifying a plurality of gathers from the seismic data; for each gather: calculating a set of midpoint coordinates; defining a midpoint vicinity surrounding the set of midpoint coordinates; identifying the nodes having arrival coordinates within the midpoint vicinity; and estimating a unique aperture for each of the gathers based on the respective origin coordinates; storing the estimated apertures in a table; and generating a subsurface volume or image with subsurface reflectors determined with apertures of the respective gathers.

A method for de-blending seismic data associated with an interface located in a subsurface of the earth, includes receiving blended seismic data E generated by firing N source arrays according to a pre-determined sequence Seq; selecting N sub-datasets SDn from the blended seismic data E; interpolating each selected sub-dataset SDn to reference positions ref, where the blended seismic data E is expected to be recorded, to generate interpolated data k; de-blending, in a processor, the interpolated data k to generate de-blended data o; and generating an image of the interface of the subsurface based on the de-blended data o.

A method for de-blending seismic data associated with an interface located in a subsurface of the earth, includes receiving blended seismic data E generated by firing N source arrays according to a pre-determined sequence Seq; selecting N sub-datasets SDn from the blended seismic data E; interpolating each selected sub-dataset SDn to reference positions ref, where the blended seismic data E is expected to be recorded, to generate interpolated data k; de-blending, in a processor, the interpolated data k to generate de-blended data o; and generating an image of the interface of the subsurface based on the de-blended data o.

Disclosed is a system and method for predicting internal multiples generators to correct near surface statics, by estimating a first timing or position associated with reflectors using internal multiple generators identified based on predictive deconvolution operators, estimating a second timing or position associated with the reflectors using the acquired seismic surface data, comparing the first timing or position with the second timing or position for each of the reflectors to determine a travel time delay associated with the reflectors, and correcting the acquired seismic surface data using the travel time delay.