Methods and apparatuses for seismic data processing perform a least-squares reverse time migration method in which surface-attribute-independent coefficients for the surface attribute gathers are demigrated to reduce the computational cost.

Seismic exploration of an underground formation uses seismic excitations to probe the formation's properties such as reflectivity that can be imaged using reverse time migration. Using an equal area spherical binning at reflection points improves and simplifies RTM imaging together with adaptability to the data acquisition geometry, while overcoming drawbacks of conventional cylindrical binning.

The present disclosure provides a method and system for stabilizing a Poynting vector of a seismic wavefield. The method includes: adjusting an amplitude of a time derivative of the seismic wavefield, and computing a Poynting vector of the adjusted time derivative of the seismic wavefield to obtain a first Poynting vector, where a difference between the amplitude of the first Poynting vector and the amplitude of a second Poynting vector is within a set range, and the second Poynting vector belongs to the seismic wavefield; and conducting operation on the second Poynting vector and the first Poynting vector to obtain a final Poynting vector of the seismic wavefield. The present disclosure addresses instability of Poynting vectors computation.

A device may include a processor that may separate or deblend signals acquired with simultaneous source shooting, in an environment with background noise or other types of noises. The processor may expand a receiver gather before the time of source excitation. The processor may use the expanded time window (e.g., negative time window) to allocate the background noise or other types of noises after removal. The processor may use signal recovery operations to reallocate leaked or misplaced signals created during the separation iterations, including the signals inside the expanded time window, to a correct source excitation and timing. Expanding a receiver gather time window and reallocating leaked or misplaced signals may improve a deblended output used in generating a seismic image.

A computing program product and method for interpolating wavelets coefficients and estimating spatial varying wavelets using the covariance interpolation method in the data space over a survey region having multiple well locations, are disclosed. The method and computing program product, embodied in a non-transitory computer readable device, that stores instructions for performing by a device are based on interpolating coefficient models in the data space domain using covariance analysis methods to overcome inaccuracy and instability issues commonly observed during wavelet estimation and interpolation.

Methods of seismic data processing employ neural networks and use a reflectivity image based on the acquired seismic data to generate output training datasets. The neural networks thus trained are used for generating production datasets, without ghosts, source effects, multiples and/or populating a predetermined set of bins in inline-crossline plane for a set of offset classes.

A method for correcting for distortions in a seismic acoustic wavefield produced by a seismic vibrator that is immersed in a fluid, the method comprising: applying a pilot signal to the vibrator such that an acoustic wavefield travels outwards from the interface between the vibrator outer surface and the fluid: using a sensor located within the fluid so as to be sensitive to a property of the wavefield in the fluid to monitor the property of the wavefield as a function of time: and using the measured property to determine a change in wet volume of a component of the vibrator as a function of time V(t) or derivatives of V(t), and using the determined wet volume V(t) or its derivatives to correct for distortions in the seismic data produced by the vibrator.

A hydroponic growing apparatus, system, and method is provided. The hydroponic grower includes one or more seed beds each having a length and a width operably supported by a framework. A seed belt is rotatable around each of the one or more seed beds between loading and offloading positions to and from a seed growing position. Seed is discharged onto the seed belt for hydroponically growing a seed atop of the one or more seed beds. Seed growth can be offloaded through the path of a stream of liquid exiting a liquid nozzle for cutting through offloaded seed growth in at least one direction.

This specification describes workflows for, but is not limited to, performing full waveform inversion (FWI) to build high resolution velocity models to improve the accuracy of seismic imaging of a subterranean formation. This specification describes processes to automatically edit and enhance S/N quality of seismic data (such as land seismic data) to prepare the datasets for FWI. The methods for automatic corrections and pre-processing include: automatic iterative surface-consistent residual statics calculation, automatic rejection of anomalous traces (such as dead traces), and the automatic correction of surface-consistent amplitude anomalies (such as by scalar or deconvolution approaches). The operations include automatic “muting” of noise before first arrivals.

A method includes receiving seismic data including signals collected using a receiver, separating a downgoing wavefield from an upgoing wavefield in the signals, generating a modified downgoing wavefield by removing direct arrivals from the downgoing wavefield, estimating a first-order multiple reflection signal at least partially by deconvolving the modified downgoing wavefield and the downgoing wavefield, and generating a seismic image based at least in part on the estimated first-order multiple reflection signals.