Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of detecting, sensors (e.g., chromogenic sensor), kits, compositions, and the like that related to or use tunable macroporous polymer. In an aspect, tunable macroporous materials as described herein can be used to determine the presence of a certain type(s) and quantity of liquid in a liquid mixture.

Lateral and vertical microstructure enhanced photodetectors and avalanche photodetectors are monolithically integrated with CMOS/BiCMOS ASICs and can also be integrated with laser devices using fluidic assembly techniques. Photodetectors can be configured in a vertical PIN arrangement or lateral metal-semiconductor-metal arrangement where electrodes are in an inter-digitated pattern. Microstructures, such as holes and protrusions, can improve quantum efficiency in silicon, germanium and III-V materials and can also reduce avalanche voltages for avalanche photodiodes. Applications include optical communications within and between datacenters, telecommunications, LIDAR, and free space data communication.

An apparatus for facilitating electromagnetic wave resonator tuning is disclosed, including first, second, and third spaced apart resonator portions, the second portion disposed between the first and third to form an electromagnetic wave resonator having a resonant frequency, wherein the first and second portions define a first volume therebetween and the second and third define a second volume therebetween, a first actuator coupled to the first portion, the second, or both, the first actuator configured to adjust a width of the first volume, and a second actuator coupled to the second portion, the third, or both, the second actuator configured to adjust a width of the second volume, wherein the actuators are configured to decrease the widths of the first and second volumes or increase the widths of the first and second volumes to adjust the resonant frequency of the resonator. Other apparatuses, methods, and systems are also disclosed.

A method of fabricating a thin film structure includes printing, using an electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing apparatus, a first layer comprising a first liquid ink, such that the first layer is supported by a substrate, curing the first layer; printing, using the e-jet printing apparatus, a second layer comprising a second liquid ink, such that the second layer is supported by the first layer, and curing the second layer.

A colorimetric sensor for detecting bacteria and/or includes one or more layers having a photonic crystal structure a functional layer comprising a nanomaterial capable of generating bacteria- and/or viruses-bioresponsive surface plasmon overlapping the one or more layers having the photonic crystal structure. The bacteria- and/or viruses-bioresponsive nanomaterial of the functional layer is doped with proteinic substances or antibodies acting as virus receptors, or the colorimetric sensor comprises a receptor layer comprising proteinic substances or antibodies acting as virus receptors. The functional layer and receptor layer overlap each other. Alternatively, or in addition to, the colorimetric sensor comprises a plasmonic nanostructured layer comprising nanostructures such to generate plasmonic colors, overlapping the one or more layers having the photonic crystal structure.

A guided-wave-driven metasurface antenna includes an input for receiving a guided wave; an output for outputting a free-space wave; and a spatial frequency mixer connected between the input and the output for converting the guided wave to the free-space wave. The spatial frequency mixer is implemented by a metasurface of the antenna. The superheterodyne metasurface can be fabricated with high accuracy using lithography step similar to conventional waveguides made by the well-established semiconductor processing technology, making their integration with PICs straightforward.

Disclosed is a method of preparing a flexible deformable photonic crystal material for structural health monitoring, comprising the following steps: washing a grating master template; preparing and assembling a mold; obtaining an assembled mold by printing a three-dimensional mold comprising an upper die and a lower die by use of a 3D printing device and installing the grating master template on the three-dimensional mold; obtaining a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) one-dimensional photonic crystal film by replicating a one-dimensional grating structure of a surface of the grating master template by pouring PDMS into the assembled mold; finally, obtaining the PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film with a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure on a middle surface and protrusion structures at both ends by demolding, wherein the PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film is the flexible deformable photonic crystal material. A mechanochromic photonic crystal film is prepared by using a master template with a photonic crystal structure, a process is simple and easy to operate, a preparation period of a mechanochromic material is greatly shortened, and a preparation cost is reduced.

A waveguide array that includes a plurality of waveguides disposed in a substrate. The plurality of waveguides include one or more first waveguides that have a first propagation constant and one or more second waveguides that have a second propagation constant, where the first propagation constant differs from the second propagation constant. The one or more first waveguides and the one or more second waveguides are disposed in the substrate in a linear distribution and at least a portion of the linear distribution is arranged based on a quasi-periodic sequence having a plurality of sequence segments. Each sequence segment is determined based on a quasi-periodic function, has an order, and corresponds to an arrangement segment of a first waveguide, a second waveguide, or combinations thereof. The linear distribution includes at least one arrangement segment corresponding with a third-order sequence segment or higher of the quasi-periodic sequence.

The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to waveguide structures with metamaterial structures and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: at least one waveguide structure; and metamaterial structures separated from the at least one waveguide structure by an insulator material, the metamaterial structures being structured to decouple the at least one waveguide structure to simultaneously reduce insertion loss and crosstalk of the at least one waveguide structure.

A laser device includes a gain medium including a facet. The laser device includes a metasurface including a plurality of supercells. The metasurface is disposed on a substrate and configured to reflect and focus a first portion of light from the facet back to the gain medium as a feedback beam. The metasurface can be configured to reflect a second portion of the light as an output beam at an angle that is nonzero relative to a direction of the feedback beam. The metasurface can be configured to transmit a second portion of the light as an output beam through the metasurface away from the facet. The emission wavelength of the laser device can be tuned by translating the metasurface. The output beam can be collimated towards a fixed direction while tuning the wavelength.