Energy systems are configured to direct energy according to a four-dimensional (4D) plenoptic function. In general, the energy systems include a plurality of energy devices, an energy relay system having one or more relay elements arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface, and an energy waveguide system such that energy can be relayed along energy propagation paths through the energy waveguide system to the singular seamless energy surface or from the singular seamless energy surface through the energy relay system to the plurality of energy devices.

An optical fiber may comprise a core doped with one or more active ions to guide signal light from an input end of the optical fiber to an output end of the optical fiber, a cladding surrounding the core to guide pump light from the input end of the optical fiber to the output end of the optical fiber, and one or more inserts formed in the cladding surrounding the core. The core may have a geometry (e.g., a cross-sectional size, a helical pitch, and/or the like) that varies along a longitudinal length of the optical fiber, which may cause an absorption of the pump light to be modulated along the longitudinal length of the optical fiber.

Disclosed embodiments include an energy directing device having one or more energy relay elements configured to direct energy from one or more energy locations through the device. In an embodiment, surfaces of the one or more energy relay elements may form a singular seamless energy surface where a separation between adjacent energy relay element surfaces is less than a minimum perceptible contour. In disclosed embodiments, energy is produced at energy locations having an active energy surface and a mechanical envelope. In an embodiment, the energy directing device is configured to relay energy from the energy locations through the singular seamless energy surface while minimizing separation between energy locations due to their mechanical envelope. In embodiments, the energy relay elements may comprise energy relays utilizing transverse Anderson localization phenomena.

The present disclosure discloses an optical device structure including an optical fiber including a core part, a clad part, and a three-dimensional micro hole structure in the clad part, wherein a surface of the three-dimensional micro hole structure is provided with at least a non-flat surface, and a conformal graphene layer is formed on the surface of the three-dimensional micro hole structure, and a method of manufacturing the same.

The present disclosure provides an optical waveguide design of a fiber modified with a thin layer of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material. The design results in an excitation of a highly confined waveguide mode in the fiber near the wavelength where permittivity of thin layer approaches zero. Due to the high field confinement within thin layer, the ENZ mode can be characterized by a peak in modal loss of the hybrid waveguide. Results show that such in-fiber excitation of ENZ mode is due to the coupling of the guided fundamental core mode to the thin-film ENZ mode. The phase matching wavelength, where the coupling takes place, varies depending on the refractive index of the constituents. These ENZ nanostructured optical fibers have many potential applications, for example, in ENZ nonlinear and magneto-optics, as in-fiber wavelength-dependent filters, and as subwavelength fluid channel for optical and bio-photonic sensing.

A wavelength multiplexing system is presented comprising at least one basic functional unit extending between input and output light ports. The basic functional unit comprises at least one multi-core fiber. The multi-core fiber comprises N cores configured for supporting transmission of N wavelength channels λ.sub.1, . . . , λ.sub.n, wherein each of said at least one multi-core fibers is configured to apply a predetermined encoding pattern to the wavelength channels enabling linear mixing between them while propagating through multiple cores of said multi-core fiber. The encoding pattern may be configured to affect light propagation paths in the cores by inducing a predetermined dispersion pattern causing linear interaction and mixing between the channels; or may be configured to affect spectral encoding of the channels being transmitted through the cores by applying different weights to the channels.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenoptic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.

An optical fiber may comprise a core doped with one or more active ions to guide signal light from an input end of the optical fiber to an output end of the optical fiber, a cladding surrounding the core to guide pump light from the input end of the optical fiber to the output end of the optical fiber, and one or more inserts formed in the cladding surrounding the core. The core may have a geometry (e.g., a cross-sectional size, a helical pitch, and/or the like) that varies along a longitudinal length of the optical fiber, which may cause an absorption of the pump light to be modulated along the longitudinal length of the optical fiber.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenopic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.

A terahertz waveguide includes an input segment, a transmission segment and an output segment. The input segment includes an input waveguide and an input microstructured waveguide. One end of the input waveguide is connected with one end of the core of the input microstructured waveguide. The transmission segment includes at least a sub-wavelength waveguide, an air cladding surrounding the sub-wavelength waveguide and a solid outer cladding surrounding the air cladding. The other end of the core of the input microstructured waveguide is connected with one end of the sub-wavelength waveguide. The other end of the sub-wavelength waveguide is connected with the core of the output microstructured waveguide. One end of the solid outer cladding is connected with the cladding of the input microstructured waveguide, and an output segment. The output segment includes an output microstructured waveguide and an output waveguide.