Integrated passive/active modulator units, integrated passive/active modulators comprising one or more units, and corresponding methods of fabrication and use are provided. In an example embodiment, a unit comprises an upstream passive portion comprising a passive waveguide; a downstream passive portion comprising a continuation of the passive waveguide; and an active portion between the upstream passive portion and the downstream passive portion. The active portion comprises an active waveguide and electrical contacts in electrical communication with the active waveguide. The active waveguide comprises an upstream taper and/or a downstream taper. The upstream taper is configured to optically couple the active waveguide to the passive waveguide of the upstream portion and the downstream taper is configured to optically couple the active waveguide to the continuation of the passive waveguide of the downstream portion.

A system for reducing pathogen proliferation on a device includes a waveguide disposed on a body of the device and including a first layer of transparent material having a first refractive index greater than a second refractive index of the body of the device and a third refractive index of an environment in contact with an outer surface of the first layer. A first light source is configured to emit light having a first range of wavelengths into the first layer. The light is substantially confined within the waveguide by total internal reflection. Total internal reflection is frustrated at points of contact between the pathogens or a medium in which the pathogens are suspended and an outer surface of the waveguide, thereby scattering a portion of the light out of the waveguide and into the pathogens and, thereby, reducing proliferation of the pathogens. Related methods are also provided.

A light emitting arrangement (100) for anti-fouling of a surface (30), comprises an optical medium (10) and at least one light source (20) for emitting anti-fouling light. A first zone (1) of the arrangement (100), which is closest to the light source (20), is arranged and configured to predominantly make the anti-fouling light reflect in a specular manner towards an emission surface (12) of the optical medium (10), through the optical medium (10), a second zone (2) of the arrangement (100) is arranged and configured to predominantly realize propagation of the anti-fouling light through the optical medium (10) by total internal reflection, and a third zone (3) of the arrangement (100), which is furthest away from the light source (20), is arranged and configured to predominantly make the anti-fouling light scatter out of the optical medium (10), through the emission surface (12) of the optical medium (10).

The invention offers high resolution and accuracy for nanoscale temperature mapping. Instead of collecting light after emission in near-field that decays to far-field, the present invention directly couples the near-field waves to a polaritonic-coated infrared probe. The polaritonic coating can be formed on an IR-tuned optical fiber to receive the coupled IR radiation and form polaritons, including plasmons or phonons, using the IR polaritonic material. The IR polaritons propagate along the probe decay back into the fiber core without substantial losses to far-field and are transmitted to a detector, such as a spectroscope. The coupling of the near-field energy to emission detected through the tip apex of fiber can be expressed as emission spectra. Through mapping with other spatial points, multi-dimensional displays and other information can be provided. The resolution can be less than 100 nanometers, such as at least an order of magnitude less than 100 nanometers.

A light receiving unit is disposed so as not to protrude from a lower side surface of a display apparatus. The light receiving unit receives infrared light. A light guide unit guides the infrared light to the light receiving unit. The light guide unit is mounted on the lower side surface of the display apparatus in a demountable manner.

In an embodiment a device includes a device layer, a substrate defining a substrate plane extending through a point of the substrate being closest to the device layer, a waveguide configured to guide an electromagnetic wave, wherein the waveguide extends in a length direction in the device layer, and wherein the waveguide has a width in a device layer plane in a direction perpendicular to the length direction and a height out of the device layer plane in the direction perpendicular to the length direction and a support structure, wherein the support structure extends from the substrate to the device layer to support the waveguide on the substrate.

An interconnect for a semiconductor device includes: a carrier; a UV programmable chip mounted on the carrier using a first array of solder connections; a UV light source mounted on the carrier using a second array of solder connections, the UV light source being in optical communication with the UV programmable chip; and a plurality of transmission lines extending on or through the carrier and providing electrical communication between the UV programmable chip and the UV light source.

A curved light guide structure configured to guide a spectral region, includes: end faces disposed at two ends of the ring segment structure; a first main side extending between the end faces and a second main side opposite the first main side and extending between the end faces; at least a first pass region on the first main side, the first pass region being configured to receive and let pass an optical signal within the spectral region, the curved light guide structure being configured to guide the optical signal along an axial direction between the end faces; and at least a second pass region on the second main side that is configured to let pass and to emit at least part of the optical signal from the curved light guide structure.

An object of the present invention is to provide an ultraviolet light irradiation system and a decontamination method that are economical and easy to operate, and that can perform decontamination without any input from a user. In the present invention, an optical fiber or an optical waveguide that radiates ultraviolet light in a lateral direction, the optical fiber or the optical waveguide is built in a sheet shape, and irradiates a surface with the ultraviolet light. Specifically, a material in which a material having a high scattering coefficient is added to the optical fiber is used, a grating is formed in the optical fiber, the optical fiber is given a minute bending with a minute ruggedness, and an arbitrary bending is given on the optical fiber, or the like, thereby achieving side radiation. By such a feature, it has the effect that ultraviolet light decontamination can be performed at all times or at necessary timing for an object touched by an unspecified number of people.

A self-sterilizing display device is applied to self-sterilizing with a UV light. The self-sterilizing display device includes a display, a light-incident layer, a light source, and a transparent protective layer. The light-incident layer is disposed above the display. The light source is disposed at a periphery of the light-incident layer, and a light-emitting surface of the light source faces to the light-incident layer. The transparent protective layer is disposed between the light-incident layer and the display. Herein, the light source can emit the UV light toward the light-incident layer for sterilizing an outer surface of the self-sterilizing display device by irradiation, and the transparent protective layer can filter out the UV light. Therefore, the surface can be sterilized by UV light, and the UV light can be prevented or reduced from being incident on the display below and damaging the display.