A method and apparatus for capturing an image of at least one object appearing in a wide-angle field of view (FOV). A housing has an image sensor and a lens assembly fixedly mounted relative thereto. The lens assembly includes first and second lens groups, and a glass lens. The lens assembly and the image sensor are aligned such that light received within the FOV passes through a front aperture and the base lens assembly and impinges onto the image sensor. The light received from the FOV forms an original image prior to entering the front aperture and the lens assembly. Light from the FOV impinging onto the sensor forms an impinging image.

A dry microscope objective with a 20-fold magnification or lower that includes a first lens group having a positive refractive power and a second lens group having a positive refractive power, wherein the first and second lens groups have concave surfaces adjacent to each other and facing each other, and the microscope objective satisfies the following conditional expressions:
1.4≤(W.sub.z(1)−W.sub.z(0))/DOF.sub.d≤2.3  (1)
0≤W.sub.CRMS(Fiy)≤0.1λ.sub.d (0≤Fiy≤0.7)  (2)
where W.sub.z indicates a function of a d-line optimization position that is an longitudinal position at which an RMS wavefront aberration in a d line at the object height ratio is minimized; DOF.sub.d indicates a depth of focus for the d line; W.sub.CRMS indicates a function of an RMS wavefront aberration in a C line that occurs at the d-line optimization position; Fiy indicates the object height ratio; and λ.sub.d indicates the wavelength of the d line.

A dry microscope objective with a 20-fold magnification or lower that includes a first lens group having a positive refractive power and a second lens group having a positive refractive power, wherein the first and second lens groups have concave surfaces adjacent to each other and facing each other, and the microscope objective satisfies the following conditional expressions:
1.4≤(W.sub.z(1)−W.sub.z(0))/DOF.sub.d≤2.3  (1)
0≤W.sub.CRMS(Fiy)≤0.1λ.sub.d (0≤Fiy≤0.7)  (2)
where W.sub.z indicates a function of a d-line optimization position that is an longitudinal position at which an RMS wavefront aberration in a d line at the object height ratio is minimized; DOF.sub.d indicates a depth of focus for the d line; W.sub.CRMS indicates a function of an RMS wavefront aberration in a C line that occurs at the d-line optimization position; Fiy indicates the object height ratio; and λ.sub.d indicates the wavelength of the d line.

Provided is an objective optical system including: a first spherical lens and a second spherical lens that are arrayed in this order from an object; and at least one of a first optical medium and a second optical medium, wherein the first optical medium is a solid or liquid disposed at an object side of the first spherical lens and is in close contact with a surface on the object side of the first spherical lens, over an entire optical path; and the second optical medium is a solid or liquid disposed at an opposite side of the second spherical lens from the object and is in close contact with a surface on the opposite side of the second spherical lens from the object, over the entire optical path.

A multipass scanner usable e.g. in a near-eye display is disclosed. The multipass scanner scans a light beam angularly, forming an image in angular domain. The multipass scanner includes a light source, a tiltable reflector, and a multipass coupler that couples light emitted by the light source to the tiltable reflector, receives the reflected light and couples it back to the tiltable reflector to double the scanning angle. Then, the multipass coupler couples the light reflected at least twice from the tiltable reflector to an exit pupil of the scanner. A pupil-replicating waveguide disposed at the exit pupil of the scanner extends the image in angular domain. Multiple reflections of the light beam from the tiltable reflector enable one to increase the angular scanning range and associated field of view of the display without having to increase the angular scanning range of the tiltable reflector.

A multipass scanner usable e.g. in a near-eye display is disclosed. The multipass scanner scans a light beam angularly, forming an image in angular domain. The multipass scanner includes a light source, a tiltable reflector, and a multipass coupler that couples light emitted by the light source to the tiltable reflector, receives the reflected light and couples it back to the tiltable reflector to double the scanning angle. Then, the multipass coupler couples the light reflected at least twice from the tiltable reflector to an exit pupil of the scanner. A pupil-replicating waveguide disposed at the exit pupil of the scanner extends the image in angular domain. Multiple reflections of the light beam from the tiltable reflector enable one to increase the angular scanning range and associated field of view of the display without having to increase the angular scanning range of the tiltable reflector.

An optical system includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, and a second lens unit having a positive refractive power. An interval between the first lens unit and the second lens unit changes during focusing. The second lens unit includes, in order from the object side to the image side, a first subunit having a positive refractive power, an aperture stop, and a second subunit having a positive refractive power. A predetermined condition is satisfied.

The invention relates to an aperture for a photo or film camera lens assembly or for a photo or film camera, where aperture has a device, which defines an ellipse-like opening, at least in part, the primary and secondary axes of which are stationary, by means of which, in the case of vertical alignment of the ellipse-like opening the aesthetic image effect from anamorphic lenses is produced in the unfocused region. The aperture can also include a conventional iris. The ellipse-like opening can be formed by a disc having a fixed, ellipse-like opening or by lamellae forming a linear aperture and which can be moved perpendicular to the main axis of the ellipse-like opening.

An image sensor and well structure associated with and extending away from the surface of the image sensor are provided in various apparatuses, methods, and systems for determining the position of a light emitter located in object space. An exemplary method includes (i) providing the image sensor and structure associated therewith, the structure defining a field of view for each pixel within the array of pixels; (ii) determining a light intensity value for photoactivated pixels receiving light from the light emitter; (iii) identifying a first photoactivated pixel having a local maximum of light intensity; (iv) calculating a perpendicular distance between the first photoactivated pixel and the light emitter; and (v) constructing the position of the light emitter based on a position of the first photoactivated pixel in the array of pixels and the perpendicular distance between the first photoactivated pixel and the light emitter.

An apparatus for identifying a plurality of light emitting droplets includes a detector system having an image sensor comprising an array of pixels and a structure a structure associated with a surface of the image sensor that extends a height away from the surface of the image sensor and defines a field of view for pixels within the array of pixels. The apparatus can additionally include a lens system positioned in front of the image sensor that defines an object space and an image space for the image sensor such that light from a light emitting droplet located in the object space is recorded by a plurality of pixels within the array of pixels.