A measurement apparatus includes: a light emitting unit that projects irradiation light to an object; a first lens that changes a divergence degree of the irradiation light; an aperture stop unit that stops down the irradiation light projected from the first lens; a second lens that condenses the irradiation light passing through the aperture stop unit and projects the irradiation light to the object in a first direction; a transmission unit that is provided in a focal plane of the second lens and transmits therethrough a part of reflected light; a first light receiving unit that includes a light receiving surface that receives the part of the reflected light transmitted through the transmission unit; and a measurement unit that measures a height of a surface of the object by using a position of the part of the reflected light on the light receiving surface.

A measurement apparatus includes: a light emitting unit that projects irradiation light to an object; a first lens that changes a divergence degree of the irradiation light; an aperture stop unit that stops down the irradiation light projected from the first lens; a second lens that condenses the irradiation light passing through the aperture stop unit and projects the irradiation light to the object in a first direction; a transmission unit that is provided in a focal plane of the second lens and transmits therethrough a part of reflected light; a first light receiving unit that includes a light receiving surface that receives the part of the reflected light transmitted through the transmission unit; and a measurement unit that measures a height of a surface of the object by using a position of the part of the reflected light on the light receiving surface.

A device configured to detect signals indicative of a binding event in an assay of interest is provided. The device comprising a beam manipulator configured to modify an incident beam to form a beam with a sharp-edged intensity cut-off; a test site having immobilised thereon at least one component of the assay of interest; wherein the device is configured so that the sharp-edged intensity cut-off beam produced by the beam manipulator is incident, in use, on the test site at such an angle to facilitate Total Internal Reflection (TIR); wherein the device is configured so that the sharp-edged intensity cut-off beam produced by the beam manipulator substantially conforms to the shape and size of the test site; a detector configured to receive a signal indicative of a binding event in the assay of interest; wherein the test site is located within a microfluidic channel.

An automated system for acquiring images of one or more capillaries in a capillary bed includes a platform for receiving a body portion of a subject, an imaging subsystem having a repositionable field of view and coupled to the platform to acquire images of at least a capillary bed of the body portion and a controller communicably coupled to the imaging subsystem to automatically reposition the field of view of the imaging subsystem to different areas of the capillary bed, and at each field of view within the capillary bed, activate the imaging subsystem to acquire images of one or more capillaries in the capillary bed.

A multi-segment optical component applied to increase signal-to-noise ratio includes a base, a central lens portion, an isolating lens portion and a collecting lens portion. The central lens portion is disposed on center of the base. The isolating lens portion is disposed by a side of the central lens portion, and the collecting lens portion is disposed by the other side of the central lens portion opposite to the isolating lens portion. At least one of the isolating lens portion and the collecting lens portion has a curvature radius different from a curvature radius of the central lens portion, and the curvature radius of the isolating lens portion can be similar to or different from the curvature radius of the collecting lens portion. The central lens portion has a central axle which does not overlap a curvature center of one of the isolating lens portion and the collecting lens portion.

An optical apparatus includes plural optical lens groups, an optical sensor, at least one lighting member and a casing. After a light beam passes through any of the plural optical lens groups, a travelling direction of the light beam is changed. After the light beam passes through at least one of the plural optical lens groups, the light beam is sensed and converted into an image signal by the optical sensor. The lighting member outputs a source beam. The plural optical lens groups, the optical sensor and the lighting member are accommodated within the casing. The optical apparatus has a single optical lens module, and is able to implement different optical functions simultaneously. Consequently, the overall volume of the optical apparatus is minimized, the fabricating cost of the optical apparatus is reduced, the assembling process is simplified, and the number of components to be assembled is reduced.

A switch module of a photoelectric integrated mechanical shaft keyboard, having a casing and a key cap a driving device, a photoelectric switch, a movable optical module and a fixed optical module. The photoelectric switch has a PCB, an SMD IR integrated on the PCB and an SMD PT tube. By pressing down the key cap, the driving device drives the movable optical module to move up and down to control the relative positions of the movable optical module and the fixed optical module. When light emitted by the SMD IR tube is coupled into the SMD PT tube, an optical path is connected, so that the photoelectric switch is turned on; and when the light emitted by the SMD IR tube cannot be coupled into the SMD PT tube, the optical path is disconnected, so that the photoelectric switch is turned off.

Provided is a light condensing unit including a reflection member having a hollow dome shape a side wall of which is curved to be extended from a top portion toward a bottom portion, the reflection member having a mirror-finished inner surface, and a plurality of light irradiation members arranged around an outer wall of the reflection member and configured to irradiate an irradiation region of the top portion with light through a first opening portion formed in the outer wall. The reflection member includes a second opening portion formed in the irradiation region of the top portion, and a third opening portion formed in the bottom portion to face a light receiving lens of a light receiving unit, the light receiving unit being configured to perform a predetermined process on received light.

A display device comprising at least: (a) a plurality of photovoltaic active areas and a plurality of holes, two neighboring photovoltaic active areas forming an opening; (b) one or more artificial light sources; (c) a plurality of light concentrators and reflective opaque disposed between said light sources and said photovoltaic active areas. This device wherein said hubs of light are arranged so that the light emitted from artificial light sources is directed by the light concentrators through the holes.

A measuring arrangement for measuring optical properties of a reflective optical element, in particular for microlithography, with an EUV light source (5), a detector (20) configured to detect EUV radiation reflected at the reflective optical element (10), and an imaging system (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90), which images object points on the reflective optical element onto respective image points on the detector, wherein the imaging system is configured to reflect the EUV radiation, a first optical component (31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91), and at least one second optical component (32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92). Both at the first optical component and at the second optical component, reflection angles with respect to respective surface normals that respectively occur during reflection of the EUV radiation are at least 70.