In an optical device, a base and a movable unit are constituted by a semiconductor substrate including a first semiconductor layer, an insulating layer, and a second semiconductor layer in this order from one side in a predetermined direction. The base is constituted by the first semiconductor layer, the insulating layer, and the second semiconductor layer. The movable unit includes an arrangement portion that is constituted by the second semiconductor layer. The optical function unit is disposed on a surface of the arrangement portion on the one side. The first semiconductor layer that constitutes the base is thicker than the second semiconductor layer that constitutes the base. A surface of the base on the one side is located more to the one side than the optical function unit.

A resonance mode of one lower order than a basic resonance mode closest to a frequency of a cyclic voltage signal exists in at least any one of a plurality of resonance modes accompanied by a mirror tilt swing around a first axis or a plurality of resonance modes accompanied by the mirror tilt swing around a second axis. In a case where a resonance frequency of one higher order from a frequency of the basic resonance mode is f.sub.rH, a ratio of a first voltage level to a second voltage level which is a maximum voltage level value in the entire frequency range among frequency components of the cyclic voltage signal is satisfied to be −55 dBV or less, where a maximum voltage level value in a frequency range of (1±1/20)×f.sub.rL and a frequency range of (1± 1/20)×f.sub.rH among the frequency components of the cyclic voltage signal is the first voltage level for an axis in which the lower-order resonance mode exists among the first axis and the second axis, and a maximum voltage level value in the frequency range of (1± 1/20)×C.sub.rH among the frequency components of the cyclic voltage signal is the first voltage level for an axis in which the lower-order resonance mode does not exist among the axes.

A 3-dimensional shaping apparatus manufactures a 3-dimensional shaped object. The 3-dimensional shaping apparatus includes a beam irradiation unit, a spatial light modulator, a splitting optical system, and a scanning unit. The beam irradiation unit emits a light beam. The spatial light modulator spatially modulates the light beam emitted by the beam irradiation unit at least on the first axis. The splitting optical system includes at least one lens array having a plurality of lenses arranged along the first axis and splits the light beam modulated by the spatial light modulator into a plurality of light beams by the lens array. The scanning unit scans the shaping material with the plurality of light beams from the splitting optical system.

A device for day lighting the interior of structure deploys reflective louvers that are spaced apart in stacks. The louvers include a coating or multilayer structure that is operative to reflect visible light but transmit IR light through the louver. The louvers also have a retro-reflective structure to return the IR light by reverse reflection in the opposite direction of the incident light, which is back toward the sun. The interior of the structure is more uniformly illuminated with visible light while the louvers and interior are not heated by IR light or radiation from the sun.

The invented optical chamber is sealed and encapsulated by a transparent element, a connection element and a transparent substrate or another transparent element. The optical chamber is filled with a transparent fluid and equipped with an electronic sensing and execution component. The surface state, the position and the inclination of the optical chamber are adjusted by the electronic sensing and execution component or through a movable part of the connection element, thereby adjusting the output direction and the focal length of the light beam. The optical chambers are combined in series or in array to constitute an operational solar concentrator adapted to output more than one controlled convergent light beam or a directional light beam to support various light energy applications, such as long-distance lighting, heating, light energy and signal transmission, increased electric energy production, and weather control. The invention is provided to adjust the internal temperature and pressure to adapt to extremely high power and extreme environments. Biotechnology is useful for obtaining the same structure and function.

Certain aspects of a novel weapon sight system combine a direct view, a visible light video view, and an infrared (IR) video view mode. Each of the view modes may be viewed individually or simultaneously with one or more of the other view modes through a single viewing aperture. Further, the one or more view-modes may be provided while providing a bore-sighted reticle superimposed on the selected view. Further, the reticle may be powered separately from the video view electronics enabling use of the reticle regardless of the power status video view electronics.

A video measurement system for measuring a test object comprising an imaging system comprising an imager having an imaging pupil, the imager arranged for viewing at least a portion of a silhouette of the test object by receiving light transmitted by the test object over a first angular extent; and an illumination system comprising (i) an illumination source; (ii) output having a second angular extent in object space that is larger than the first angular extent received by the imaging pupil; and (iii) a substrate arranged to diffuse light from the illumination source, the substrate having an axial centerline and a light obscuration element, wherein the light obscuration element is at least approximately coaxial to the axial centerline of the substrate, and wherein the pupils of the illumination and imaging systems are in at least approximately conjugate image planes.

In an embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that includes at least one processor configured to determine a target coupling-out facet, identify an optical path to the target coupling-out facet, identify an active wave plate corresponding to the optical path, determine a target state of the active wave plate that corresponds to the optical path, set the active wave plate to the identified target state and cause a projection device to project a light beam comprising an image field of view component along the identified optical path.

A system for extending the effective aperture of an optical output in a direction parallel to the optical axis of the optical output, the system including a beam splitter configured for receiving an output beam of the optical output along the optical axis of the optical output, the beam splitter configured for splitting the output beam into two light beams; a central mirror for receiving and directing a first of the two light beams from the beam splitter; and a pair of motorized mirrors each motorized mirror including a mobility mechanism and a mirror functionally connected to the mobility mechanism, each of the motorized mirrors is configured to be movable in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis, wherein the optical output is extended to the two light beams separated by a pupil distance adjustable by controlling at least a mobility mechanism of one of the pair of motorized mirrors.

A mirror drive portion which causes a mirror portion to swing around a predetermined swing axis; a single optical sensor including a single light emission portion and a single light reception portion which receives light emitted from the light emission portion; a light blocking portion which is arranged in the mirror portion to swing together with the swing of the mirror portion and periodically blocks the light emitted from the light emission portion along with the swing; and a mirror control portion which controls the swing of the mirror portion based on an alternating voltage and a detection signal of the optical sensor, wherein the mirror control portion acquires a state of the swing of the mirror portion based on a light reception state of the light reception portion and a zero-cross timing of the alternating voltage, and controls the swing of the mirror portion.