An optical modulator and method of fabricating an optical modulator. The optical modulator includes a first optical waveguide with an input port configured to receive an unmodulated optical signal and an output port; an magneto-optical layer located adjacent to the first optical waveguide, wherein optical attributes of the magneto-optical layer vary in relation to a magnetic field: and a conductive layer located in close proximity to a portion of the magneto-optical layer located adjacent to the first optical waveguide, wherein current injected to the conductive layer generates a magnetic field oriented perpendicular to a direction of propagation of light within the first optical waveguide.

Provided is a glass material that can satisfy both high Faraday effect and high light transmittance at wavelengths used. A glass material containing, in terms of % by mole of oxide, more than 40% Tb.sub.2O.sub.3 and having a percentage of Tb.sup.3+ of 55% by mole or more relative to a total content of Tb.

There is provided a rare-earth gallium garnet ceramic having a high extinction ratio and a high light transmittance. The rare-earth gallium garnet ceramic contains, as a sintering aid, 5 mass ppm or more and 500 mass ppm or less of Ge calculated as metal, and 20 mass ppm or more and 250 mass ppm or less of Al calculated as metal.

Articles of wear comprises iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains are described. The chains of nanocrystals display a color that is determined by a strength of a magnetic field applied to the chains of nanocrystals, wherein the color is maintained when the magnetic field is removed.

Apparatuses for manipulating a color displayed by an article of wear comprising iron oxide colloidal nanocrystals arranged within chains are described. The apparatus includes (a) a magnetic field source, wherein a strength of a magnetic field generated by the magnetic field source is tunable to control the color displayed by the article of wear, and (b) an energy source, wherein energy generated by the energy source is applied to at least some of the chains of nanocrystals to soften materials within the article of wear immediately surrounding the chains of nanocrystals to which the energy is applied.

A collimation lens and an optical module of the collimation lens. The collimation lens includes a front convex aspheric lens, a first polarizing filter, a Faraday rotation (FR) crystal, a second polarizing filter, and a rear convex aspheric lens. The front convex aspheric lens is coupled to a first end face of the collimation lens, and the rear convex aspheric lens is coupled to a second end face of the collimation lens. The first polarizing filter is coupled between the front convex aspheric lens and the FR crystal, and the second polarizing filter is coupled between the FR crystal and the rear convex aspheric lens.

An article includes a reflector having a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a third surface; and a first selective light modulator layer external to the first surface of the reflector; wherein the third surface of the reflector is open. A method of making an article is also disclosed.

An optical voltage probe including: an optical modulator 1 having two modulation electrodes 11, 12 configured to modulate an intensity of an incident light depending on a voltage between the two modulation electrodes 11, 12 and output the modulated incident light; an input/output optical fiber 2 connected with the optical modulator 1; two contact terminal attachment portions 5, 6 to which two contact terminals 3, 4 can be detachably attached and contacted, the two contact terminals 3, 4 being connected with the modulation electrodes 11, 12 and in contact with points to be measured; and a package 8 that houses the optical modulator 1 and a part of the input/output optical fiber 2, wherein a voltage signal induced via the contact terminals 3, 4 is converted into an optical intensity modulation signal and outputted, and the package 8 covers an inside with a metal body 8a for shielding electric field and a magnetic shielding material 8b for shielding magnetic field.

Disclosure relates to the field of graphical elements and is directed to a device for producing an optical effect layer (OEL). Disclosure provides an optical effect that is easy to detect as such and exhibits a viewing-angle dependent apparent motion of image features over an extended length if the viewing angle with respect to the OEL changes. OEL includes a binder material being at least partially transparent and a plurality of particles dispersed within the layer. Each particle has a non-isotropic reflectivity and may be magnetic or magnetizable. Orientation of the particles forms an orientation pattern extending over a length within an extended surface of the OEL, such that the local average of an angle between (i) a straight line along an observed longest dimension within the corresponding cross-section shape, and (ii) said first direction x varies according to a function () of a position (P) along said first direction.

The present invention is a crystal body configured with a crystal and having a pair of light passing surfaces which face each other and pass light and at least one side surface which connects the pair of the light passing surfaces. In the crystal body according to the present invention, a ratio B/A of a dislocation density A (number/cm.sup.2) in the light passing surfaces and a dislocation density B (number/cm.sup.2) in the side surface satisfies the following general formula.
1(B/A)3600(1)