The invention relates to a compound of formula I,

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.21, A.sup.11, A, Z, X.sup.11, X.sup.21, Y.sup.11, Y.sup.12, Sp.sup.11, Sp.sup.21, o and p have one of the meanings as given in claim 1. The invention further relates to method of production of a compound of formula I, to the use of said compounds in LC media and to LC media comprising one or more compounds of formula I. Further, the invention relates to a method of production of such LC media, to the use of such media in LC devices, and to LC device comprising a LC medium according to the present invention. The present invention further relates to a process for the fabrication such liquid crystal display and to the use of the liquid crystal mixtures according to the invention for the fabrication of such liquid crystal display.

A transmissive liquid crystal diffraction element includes a rod-like liquid crystal layer where a rod-like liquid crystal compound is aligned and a disk-like liquid crystal layer where a disk-like liquid crystal compound is aligned that are alternately laminated, in which each of the liquid crystal layers has a predetermined liquid crystal alignment pattern, rotation directions of optical axes in the liquid crystal alignment patterns are the same, single periods of the liquid crystal alignment patterns are the same, a thickness direction retardation |Rth| of each of the liquid crystal layers is 65 nm or less, and at an interface between the liquid crystal layers, longitudinal directions of the liquid crystal compounds match with each other.

A HUD 1 comprises an image display device 30 including an LCD panel 31c, a virtual image optical system 40 forming an optical path L of an image light emitted from the LCD panel, and an outer housing 50 wherein: the outer housing includes an outer case 51 accommodating the virtual image optical system and having the image display device attached thereto, an upper cover 52 covering an upper portion from which the image light is emitted in the outer case, and a bottom cover 60 covering a bottom portion of the outer case; the bottom cover accommodates the image display device and the bottom surface of the outer case when fixed to the outer case such that the image display device to isolate them form an external space of the outer housing; and fins 63 is formed on an outer surface thereof.

The present invention discloses a liquid crystal composition comprising at least one compound of general formula I and a display device thereof. The present invention also discloses a liquid crystal display device comprising the liquid crystal composition of the present invention. The liquid crystal composition provided by the present invention has characteristics, such as a high absolute value of negative dielectric anisotropy, a high optical anisotropy, a superior low-temperature stability, a fast response speed and so forth. The liquid crystal display device comprising the liquid crystal composition of the present invention can satisfy the demand for low driving voltage and fast response. ##STR00001##

According to an aspect, a substrate for a display apparatus includes: a first substrate; a translucent coloring layer that includes a plurality of color regions and that overlaps with the first substrate; a first translucent resin layer that overlaps with the first substrate at boundaries of the color regions; and a light shielding layer that overlaps with the first translucent resin layer on an opposite side to the first substrate side. A width of the light shielding layer in a direction parallel with the first substrate is equal to or smaller than a width of the first translucent resin layer in the parallel direction on a cross section vertical to the first substrate.

A two-dimensional waveguide light multiplexer is described herein that can efficiently multiplex and distribute a light signal in two dimensions. An example of a two-dimensional waveguide light multiplexer can include a waveguide, a first diffraction grating, and a second diffraction grating disposed above the first diffraction grating and arranged such that the grating direction of the first diffraction grating is perpendicular to the grating direction of the second diffraction grating. Methods of fabricating a two-dimensional waveguide light multiplexer are also disclosed.

A display panel and a display apparatus are provided. The display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate which are arranged oppositely. A liquid crystal layer is filled between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal layer has dielectric anisotropy of parameter in a range from −1 F/m to 1 F/m, a sum of a bending flexural coefficient and a splaying flexoelectric coefficient of the liquid crystal layer is greater than 1 pc/m, and liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are deflected by a flexoelectric effect, so that deflecting speed of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer is improved and the response time of the liquid crystal layer is shortened.

A liquid crystal mixture is disclosed that has a certain rotational sense when placed in a liquid crystal device and an opposite rotational sense when removed from the liquid crystal device. The liquid crystal mixture may be utilized, for example, in liquid crystal displays to achieve high contrast and to reduce potential defects and misalignments.

According to one embodiment, an intelligent reflecting device includes a first substrate including a first base and a plurality of patch electrodes, a second substrate including a second base and a common electrode opposed to the plurality of patch electrodes, a liquid crystal layer held between the first and second substrates, a heat exchanger provided in contact with the second substrate, a temperature sensor, and a temperature controller that controls the heat exchanger based on the temperature detected by the temperature sensor, wherein an incident wave is incident on an incidence surface of the first substrate, and the heat exchanger is provided on a surface opposed to the incidence surface.

A method of achieving higher polar anchoring strength of liquid crystal (LC) using monolayer graphene flakes in an LC device and attaining faster electro-optic switching in an LC device comprising the steps of providing graphene in an ethanol solvent, adding a liquid crystal to the graphene and ethanol solution, forming a liquid crystal graphene ethanol solution, evaporating the ethanol, and forming a pure liquid crystal graphene mixture. A liquid crystal device with faster electro-optic switching and higher polar anchoring strength comprising an LC cell having a polyimide (PI) alignment layer, the liquid crystal graphene mixture, wherein the graphene flakes preferentially attach to the PI alignment layer; wherein the effective polar anchoring energy in the LC cell is enhanced by an order of magnitude and wherein the electro-optic response of the LC is accelerated.