The optical device includes an optical modulator positioned on a base. The modulator includes a ridge extending upward from the base. The ridge includes an electro-absorption medium through which light signals are guided. A thermal conductor is positioned so as to conduct thermal energy away from the ridge. The distance between the thermal conductor and the ridge changes along a length of at least a portion of the ridge.

According to an aspect, a substrate for a display apparatus includes: a first substrate; a translucent coloring layer that includes a plurality of color regions and that overlaps with the first substrate; a first translucent resin layer that overlaps with the first substrate at boundaries of the color regions; and a light shielding layer that overlaps with the first translucent resin layer on an opposite side to the first substrate side. A width of the light shielding layer in a direction parallel with the first substrate is equal to or smaller than a width of the first translucent resin layer in the parallel direction on a cross section vertical to the first substrate.

A heating electrode for lowering stress of a light waveguide and a VOA. The heating electrode is provided on an upper cladding layer (04) of a PLC waveguide. The heating electrode is formed by combining two or more sub-heating electrodes (13) arranged at internals. Adjacent sub-heating electrodes (13) are connected by means of conductive electrodes (14) having a conductive function. By dividing a complete elongated heating electrode into a plurality of sub-heating electrodes (13), the stress exerted to a waveguide core layer is lowered without affecting the heating efficiency, and thus the reliability of optical indexes of a device is effectively improved.

A display device having a visual angle control film can attenuate an interference phenomenon between a panel and a visual angle control film and effectively shield unnecessary light of a visual angle, the display device comprises a display panel; and a visual angle control film disposed on the display panel, wherein the visual angle control film may include a plurality of light-shielding patterns for shielding light advancing in a side direction except a front direction of the display panel in a visual angle control mode, and each of the plurality of light-shielding patterns may have a thickness in the range of 8% to 25% of a pixel area of the display panel, an interval in the range of 33% to 39% of the pixel size, and a slope angle in the range of ±5° to 15° based on 90°.

The present invention belongs to the field of integrated optical waveguide modulation, and specifically, relates to an ultra-close-range metallic heater thermo-optic phase shifter, which includes: a substrate, and a metallic heater and an optical waveguide respectively arranged on the substrate; in which the metallic heater and the optical waveguide are arranged at a close distance, and the distance is less than 600 nm. The material of the metallic heater is titanium, titanium nitride, aluminum, gold, and/or a metal with a larger imaginary part of the refractive index. The present invention includes two solutions: side heating and top surface heating. In the side heating solution, the heater is placed close to a side of the waveguide in parallel, and heat is conducted to the optical waveguide through the substrate to achieve thermo-optic phase shift; while in the top surface heating solution, an auxiliary waveguide is placed on a side of the optical waveguide, and the heater is placed above the auxiliary waveguide; heat is conducted to the optical waveguide through a top silicon oxide layer to achieve thermo-optic phase shift. The present invention utilizes the principle of parity-time symmetry, greatly shortens the distance between the heaters and the waveguide, realizes low-loss and high-rate thermo- optic modulation. In addition, it is compatible with the CMOS process, and is a standard process.

An infrared attenuator includes a prism having a first conductive element at a surface thereof and a second conductive element at an adjustable distance from the first conductive element. Adjusting the distance controls a degree of infrared absorption by the first conductive element and second conductive element when infrared radiation is incident on the prism to provide variable attenuation.

Described herein is an optical device that is arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation and a method of forming an optical device. In one embodiment, the optical device comprises an optical fibre that is arranged to transmit electromagnetic radiation between a source of electromagnetic radiation and an area of interest of a sample material. The optical device also comprises an optical element coupled to an end portion of the optical fibre. The optical element comprises a graphene lens that is arranged to focus the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by the optical fibre to a focal region within the area of interest of the sample material.

The disclosure provides a dispersion management method and apparatus based on non-periodic spectral phase jumps. Precise dispersion is provided by virtue of non-periodic spectral phase jumps, the dispersion can be tuned freely with engineering of the phase jump. A device based on non-periodic spectral phase jump also has a wide working bandwidth and could promote the development of ultrafast optics. The method includes: spatially separating a light pulse with different frequency components, and meanwhile, making the light pulse with the different frequency components propagate in parallel; enabling the light pulse with the different frequency components and propagating in parallel to be incident on a non-periodic phase jump device to obtain non-periodic spectral phase jumps, forming a phase grating effect to obtain two ±1-order diffracted pulses having opposite group delays, and introducing frequency dependent relative delay for the different spectral components in the two diffracted pulses.

An illumination source apparatus (500), suitable for use in a metrology apparatus for the characterization of a structure on a substrate, the illumination source apparatus comprising: a high harmonic generation, HHG, medium (502); a pump radiation source (506) operable to emit a beam of pump radiation (508); and adjustable transformation optics (510) configured to adjustably transform the transverse spatial profile of the beam of pump radiation to produce a transformed beam (518) such that relative to the centre axis of the transformed beam, a central region of the transformed beam has substantially zero intensity and an outer region which is radially outwards from the centre axis of the transformed beam has a non-zero intensity, wherein the transformed beam is arranged to excite the HHG medium so as to generate high harmonic radiation (540), wherein the location of said outer region is dependent on an adjustment setting of the adjustable transformation optics.

A heads up display system of a vehicle includes a combiner screen having a first substantially transparent substrate defining a first surface and a second surface, a second substantially transparent substrate defining a third surface and a fourth surface. A primary seal is disposed between the first and second substrates. The seal and the first and second substrates define a cavity therebetween. An electro-optic material is positioned within the cavity and a transflective layer having a multilayer polymeric film positioned on one of the first and second surfaces, and a projector for projecting light having a first polarization toward the first surface of the first substrate.