A light generator including a light source, an optical switch that controls ON/OFF of light from the light source, and a mirror that reflects light from the optical switch and sends the light back to the optical switch. A light generator less in residue in fitting of a ring-down signal, and a radioactive carbon dioxide isotope analysis device and a radioactive carbon dioxide isotope analysis method, by use of the light generator are provided.

Disclosed herein is a tunable diffraction grating using surface acoustic waves. In some embodiments, the tunable diffraction grating includes a piezoelectric substrate including an interdigital transducer (IDT) region and a delay line region; a plurality of IDT electrodes positioned in the IDT region, wherein the IDT electrodes are each individually addressable such that the voltage applied to each of the electrodes is phase shifted, and wherein the IDT electrodes provide the phase shifted voltage to induce surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric substrate in a pattern which produce a grating in the delay line region. Advantageously, tunable diffraction gratings have many applications including spectrometers for orbiters and rovers to Mars.

Disclosed is a method for manufacturing array substrate, including steps of: providing a substrate, forming a plurality of active switches on the substrate; forming a color filter layer on the substrate; forming a spacer unit layer on the color filter layer; and forming an electrode layer on the color filter layer and the spacer unit layer, including forming a first electrode layer in a display region of the substrate, and forming a second electrode layer in a non-display region of the substrate; where the first electrode layer is a pixel electrode layer, the spacer unit layer includes a spacer unit, and the first electrode layer includes a first electrode region overlying the spacer unit, where a vertical projection of the spacer unit along a thickness direction of the substrate has an overlap portion with a vertical projection of the first electrode layer along the thickness direction of the substrate.

Apparatus is provided including an acoustic sensor (50) having an optical waveguide (20). The optical waveguide (20) includes a waveguide core (202) having a waveguide core refractive index and a waveguide core photo-elastic coefficient, and an over-cladding layer (204) coupled to the waveguide core (202) and including an optically transparent polymer having an over-cladding refractive index and an over-cladding photo-elastic coefficient. The waveguide core refractive index is greater than the over-cladding refractive index, and the over-cladding photo-elastic coefficient is greater than the waveguide core photo-elastic coefficient. Other applications are also described.

An ion trap system includes a laser adjustment and control module configured to split a light beam into P first light beams and Q second light beams. N first light beams in the P first light beams are transmitted to N ions, respectively, and tM second light beams in the Q second light beams are transmitted to M monitoring units, respectively. The M monitoring units are configured to monitor the M second light beams, respectively, and obtain spatial information of the M second light beams. The system further includes a feedback control module configured to receive the spatial intensity distribution information of the M second light beams, determine N first control signals based on the spatial information of the M second light beams, and transmit the N first control signals to the laser adjustment and control module.

An ion trap system includes a laser adjustment and control module configured to split a light beam into P first light beams and Q second light beams. N first light beams in the P first light beams are transmitted to N ions, respectively, and tM second light beams in the Q second light beams are transmitted to M monitoring units, respectively. The M monitoring units are configured to monitor the M second light beams, respectively, and obtain spatial information of the M second light beams. The system further includes a feedback control module configured to receive the spatial intensity distribution information of the M second light beams, determine N first control signals based on the spatial information of the M second light beams, and transmit the N first control signals to the laser adjustment and control module.

A method for generating a control signal, having at least one frequency component, for an acousto-optical element, from one frequency spectrum having the at least one frequency, or from multiple frequency spectra which together have the at least one frequency, includes the step of obtaining, from the one frequency spectrum or from the multiple frequency spectra, one transmit signal in the time domain in each case via an inverse Fourier transform. The one or the multiple transmit signals are modulated via a single-sideband modulation onto a carrier signal having a carrier frequency in order to obtain one modulated signal in each case. The control signal is obtained as a real part of the one modulated signal or as a consolidation of the real parts of the multiple modulated signals.

A method for generating a control signal, having at least one frequency component, for an acousto-optical element, from one frequency spectrum having the at least one frequency, or from multiple frequency spectra which together have the at least one frequency, includes the step of obtaining, from the one frequency spectrum or from the multiple frequency spectra, one transmit signal in the time domain in each case via an inverse Fourier transform. The one or the multiple transmit signals are modulated via a single-sideband modulation onto a carrier signal having a carrier frequency in order to obtain one modulated signal in each case. The control signal is obtained as a real part of the one modulated signal or as a consolidation of the real parts of the multiple modulated signals.

A system may include a laser source, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) coupled to the laser source, an atom trap, and at least one optical medium coupled between the AOM and the atom trap. Furthermore, at least one piezoelectric transducer may be coupled to the at least one optical medium, and a beam polarization controller may be coupled to the at least one piezoelectric transducer.

A system may include a laser source, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) coupled to the laser source, an atom trap, and at least one optical medium coupled between the AOM and the atom trap. Furthermore, at least one piezoelectric transducer may be coupled to the at least one optical medium, and a beam polarization controller may be coupled to the at least one piezoelectric transducer.