Electrochromic devices and methods may employ the addition of a defect-mitigating insulating layer which prevents electronically conducting layers and/or electrochromically active layers from contacting layers of the opposite polarity and creating a short circuit in regions where defects form. In some embodiments, an encapsulating layer is provided to encapsulate particles and prevent them from ejecting from the device stack and risking a short circuit when subsequent layers are deposited. The insulating layer may have an electronic resistivity of between about 1 and 10.sup.8 Ohm-cm. In some embodiments, the insulating layer contains one or more of the following metal oxides: aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, and oxidized indium tin oxide. Carbides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and oxycarbides may also be used.

The disclosure provides a prebaking device and a prebaking system for display substrate. The prebaking device includes a top plate, a bottom plate, a first side plate, a second side plate, a third side plate defined opposite to the first side plate and a fourth side plate defined opposite to the second side plate, the top plate, the bottom plate, the first side plate, the second side plate, the third side plate and the fourth side plate form a chamber cooperatively, the first side plate is defined with a window, the second side plate is defined with an air inlet hole to connect an air supply pipe of a hot air system, the fourth side plate is defined with an air exhaust hole to connect an exhaust system, the inner surface of the top plate is defined with an anti-adhere film.

The disclosure provides a prebaking device and a prebaking system for display substrate. The prebaking device includes a top plate, a bottom plate, a first side plate, a second side plate, a third side plate defined opposite to the first side plate and a fourth side plate defined opposite to the second side plate, the top plate, the bottom plate, the first side plate, the second side plate, the third side plate and the fourth side plate form a chamber cooperatively, the first side plate is defined with a window, the second side plate is defined with an air inlet hole to connect an air supply pipe of a hot air system, the fourth side plate is defined with an air exhaust hole to connect an exhaust system, the inner surface of the top plate is defined with an anti-adhere film.

A polymerizable liquid crystal compound represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
(the symbols in the general formula (1) are as described in the DESCRIPTION.)

The present application provides an optical film. By controlling transmittance of a liquid crystal layer comprising a radical initiator for the maximum absorption wavelength of the radical initiator, the present application can provide an optical film having a liquid crystal layer having excellent resistance to external stimuli and excellent optical properties. Such an optical film can have various forms and can be used in various fields.

A laser irradiation apparatus includes a stage on which a substrate is provided, a laser irradiation unit which irradiates a laser to the substrate on the stage, an image acquiring unit which acquires an image of a predetermined region of the substrate, and a control unit electrically connected to the laser irradiation unit and the image acquiring unit, where the control unit calculates a brightness value corresponding to an average value of grayscale values of the image provided from the image acquiring unit, compares a calculated brightness value with a reference brightness value, and outputs data on performance of the laser based on a result of comparing the calculated brightness value with the reference brightness value.

A laminate including a horizontally oriented liquid crystal cured film that is a cured material of a polymerizable liquid crystal composition containing at least one type of polymerizable liquid crystal compound, and a vertically oriented liquid crystal cured film is provided. The horizontally oriented liquid crystal cured film is the cured material of the polymerizable liquid crystal composition in which the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is cured in a state of being horizontally oriented with respect to a plane of the liquid crystal cured film, and satisfies the following formulae: nxA(450)>nyA(450)>nzA(450) and ReA(450)/ReA(550)<1.00.

An electronic device includes a substrate, multiple transversal signal lines, a first vertical signal line, a second vertical signal line, a shielding wire, and multiple pixel structures. The first vertical signal line is intersected with the transversal signal lines. The second vertical signal line is intersected with the transversal signal lines and connected to one of the transversal signal lines. An orthogonal projection of the shielding wire on the substrate is located between an orthogonal projection of the first vertical signal line and an orthogonal projection of the second vertical signal line on the substrate. One of the pixel structures is surrounded by a corresponding one of the transversal signal lines and the second vertical signal line and includes an active device. A gate and a source of the active device is electrically connected to the corresponding one transversal signal line and the first vertical signal line respectively.

A large-area display apparatus may include: a cover plate; a plurality of unit display panels arrayed on one surface of the cover plate, each of the unit display panels including a substrate; a display area defined at middle portions of the substrate; a non-display area around the display area; a pad portion disposed in the non-display area; a first terminal disposed outside the pad portion in the non-display area; and a second terminal apart from the first terminal disposed outside the pad portion in the non-display area; and a connecting member disposed between two unit display panels, the connecting member connecting the first terminals of the unit display panels and the second terminals of the unit display panels, respectively.

A display device includes: a substrate including a display area and a non-display area; a circuit portion including a first circuit portion and a second circuit portion on the non-display area; a valley portion separating the first circuit portion and the second circuit portion from each other; and a thin film encapsulation layer sealing the display area, the thin film encapsulation layer extending from the display area to the valley portion, and the first circuit portion is between the valley portion and the display area, the second circuit portion is at an outside of the valley portion, an internal layer on the first circuit portion includes a plurality of island portions that are apart from one another in a first direction and a second direction crossing the first direction, and an external layer on the second circuit portion includes at least one groove extending in the first direction.