An electrochromic device according to an embodiment includes a first transparent conductive layer, an ion storage layer, an electrolyte layer, an electrochromic layer, and a second transparent conductive layer. The electrolyte layer includes a tantalum atom. The electrochromic layer includes a tungsten atom. The ion storage layer includes an iridium atom and a tantalum atom. The ion storage layer is hydrogenated in bleached state and the electrochromic device has a transmittance of 64.1% or more in bleached state. A difference between the transmittance of the electrochromic device in bleached state and the transmittance of the electrochromic device in colored state is 8.4% or more.

An electrochromic device according to an embodiment includes a first transparent conductive layer, an ion storage layer, an electrolyte layer, an electrochromic layer, and a second transparent conductive layer. The electrolyte layer includes a tantalum atom. The electrochromic layer includes a tungsten atom. The ion storage layer includes an iridium atom and a tantalum atom. The ion storage layer is hydrogenated in bleached state and the electrochromic device has a transmittance of 64.1% or more in bleached state. A difference between the transmittance of the electrochromic device in bleached state and the transmittance of the electrochromic device in colored state is 8.4% or more.

An optical synapse comprises a memristive device for non-volatile storage of a synaptic weight dependent on resistance of the device, and an optical modulator for volatile modulation of optical transmission in a waveguide. The memristive device and optical modulator are connected in control circuitry which is operable, in a write mode, to supply a programming signal to the memristive device to program the synaptic weight and, in a read mode, to supply an electrical signal, dependent on the synaptic weight, to the optical modulator whereby the optical transmission is controlled in a volatile manner in dependence on programmed synaptic weight.

An optical synapse comprises a memristive device for non-volatile storage of a synaptic weight dependent on resistance of the device, and an optical modulator for volatile modulation of optical transmission in a waveguide. The memristive device and optical modulator are connected in control circuitry which is operable, in a write mode, to supply a programming signal to the memristive device to program the synaptic weight and, in a read mode, to supply an electrical signal, dependent on the synaptic weight, to the optical modulator whereby the optical transmission is controlled in a volatile manner in dependence on programmed synaptic weight.

An image sensor includes a first photodiode and a second photodiode. The image sensor further includes a first color filter over the first photodiode; and a second color filter over the second photodiode. The image sensor further includes a first microlens over the first color filter and a second microlens over the second color filter. The image sensor further includes a first electro-optical (EO) film between the first color filter and the first microlens, wherein a material of the first EO film is configured to change refractive index in response to application of an electrical field. The image sensor further includes a second EO film between the second color filter and the second microlens, wherein a material of the second EO film is configured to change refractive index in response to application of an electrical field.

An image sensor includes a first photodiode and a second photodiode. The image sensor further includes a first color filter over the first photodiode; and a second color filter over the second photodiode. The image sensor further includes a first microlens over the first color filter and a second microlens over the second color filter. The image sensor further includes a first electro-optical (EO) film between the first color filter and the first microlens, wherein a material of the first EO film is configured to change refractive index in response to application of an electrical field. The image sensor further includes a second EO film between the second color filter and the second microlens, wherein a material of the second EO film is configured to change refractive index in response to application of an electrical field.

An interference structure having a nanovoided hologram material is described. The nanovoided hologram material may have an index of refraction difference of approximately 0.4. The interference structure may include about 10% to 90% nanovoids by volume. The interference structure may be formed using a mixture of a monomer, an initiator, and solvent. The mixture may be disposed on a substrate and irradiated with two sources of light spaced apart from each other and shining on the same region of the mixture to generate an interference pattern in the mixture, leading to the selective polymerization of regions of the mixture where there is constructive interference of light. Various other devices, methods, and systems are also disclosed.

A light transmitting panel assembly includes a first panel, a second panel, a frame, a gap between the first panel and the second panel, and a first active component located between the first panel and the second panel.

A light transmitting panel assembly includes a first panel, a second panel, a frame, a gap between the first panel and the second panel, and a first active component located between the first panel and the second panel.

A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes: dispersing a plurality of photonic crystal chains into a solution; placing the solution of the plurality of photonic crystal chains in a container; and assembling and aligning the plurality of photonic crystal chains in the solution by a local charge build up on a surface of the container to exhibit color.