A phase modulation device includes an image data generator, a controller, a light reception signal detector, and a liquid crystal element. The image data generator generates image data. The controller generates a gradation control signal based on the image data. The liquid crystal element includes a first substrate and a light receiver. The first substrate has a pixel region in which a plurality of pixel electrodes constituting pixels are arranged. The light receiver photoelectrically converts light with which the pixel region is irradiated to generate a light reception signal. The light reception signal detector generates a drive control signal based on the light reception signal. The liquid crystal element changes an inclination angle of a wavefront of the light with which the pixel region is irradiated by applying different driving voltages to the plurality of pixel electrodes based on the gradation control signal.

A phase modulation device includes an image data generator, a controller, a light reception signal detector, and a liquid crystal element. The image data generator generates image data. The controller generates a gradation control signal based on the image data. The liquid crystal element includes a first substrate and a light receiver. The first substrate has a pixel region in which a plurality of pixel electrodes constituting pixels are arranged. The light receiver photoelectrically converts light with which the pixel region is irradiated to generate a light reception signal. The light reception signal detector generates a drive control signal based on the light reception signal. The liquid crystal element changes an inclination angle of a wavefront of the light with which the pixel region is irradiated by applying different driving voltages to the plurality of pixel electrodes based on the gradation control signal.

A programmable optical chip and a terminal is provided, wherein the optical chip includes: one or more first transmission paths for transmitting an optical signal in the programmable optical chip; first programmable basic devices arranged in an array; and optical IP cores, wherein the optical IP cores and the first programmable basic devices are optically coupled, and the optical IP cores are optically coupled. The optical IP cores include optical soft cores and/or optical firm cores. Each type of optical soft core includes second programmable basic devices and one or more second transmission paths for transmitting the optical signal in the optical soft core. Each type of optical firm core includes third programmable basic devices, one or more third transmission paths for transmitting the optical signal in the optical firm core, and first optical devices used to process the optical signal. In the solution of the present disclosure, operations such as programming are performed on the optical chip such that the optical chip can implement a plurality of different functions.

An electro-optic modulation structure 110, a method for fabrication of the electro-optic modulation structure, and a method of optical modulation derived from an electro-optic modulation structure with low voltage of operation are disclosed. The low voltage operation of the electro-optic modulator is realized by designed electro-optic modulation structures that include the light confining waveguide 114, overclad layer 120 and modulating electrode structure 116 for applying modulation voltages that are directed towards a low voltage operation of the electro-optic modulation 110 device upon consideration of optimal optical loss.

A method for implementing folding M×N wavelength selective switch is provided. A one-dimensional single-mode fiber optic collimator array, a short-focus cylindrical mirror, a first long-focus cylindrical mirror, a retroreflector, a transmission phase diffraction grating, a second long-focus cylindrical mirror, a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, and a liquid crystal graphic loading control system are provided along beam transmission direction. The same set of optical elements is used for incident light and outgoing light by ingenious folding structure. The input port and output port of optical signal are consistent in spatial arrangement, thereby reducing space and improving port utilization. Based on composite liquid crystal chips, a working area of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator is doubled, and a quantity of accommodating ports is greatly increased. A quantity of M×N ports of the WSS can be increased greatly by the above structure and design.

A method and system for amplifying optical signals includes generating idler signals for input signals using an optical pump at a first non-linear element (NLE). An intermediate stage including a Raman amplifier performs pump amplification using the output from the first NLE along a single optical path. Optical power monitoring of the input signals may be used for power equalization. The intermediate stage may include a wavelength selective switch for a certain degree of phase modulation. The phase-sensitive amplified signal is generated at a second NLE using the optical pump. Optical power monitoring of the input signals may be used for power equalization and other control functions to achieve low-noise operation.

A method and system for amplifying optical signals includes generating idler signals for input signals using an optical pump at a first non-linear element (NLE). An intermediate stage including a Raman amplifier performs pump amplification using the output from the first NLE along a single optical path. Optical power monitoring of the input signals may be used for power equalization. The intermediate stage may include a wavelength selective switch for a certain degree of phase modulation. The phase-sensitive amplified signal is generated at a second NLE using the optical pump. Optical power monitoring of the input signals may be used for power equalization and other control functions to achieve low-noise operation.

An optical switch structure includes a substrate, a first electrical contact, and a first material having a first conductivity type electrically connected to the first electrical contact. The optical switch structure also includes a second material having a second conductivity type coupled to the first material, a second electrical contact electrically connected to the second material, and a waveguide structure disposed between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact. The waveguide structure includes a waveguide core coupled to the substrate and including a core material characterized by a first index of refraction and a waveguide cladding at least partially surrounding the waveguide core and including a cladding material characterized by a second index of refraction less than the first index of refraction and an isotope-enhanced Pockels effect.

An eyewear device includes a lightguide having a world-side surface and an eye-side surface, a display oriented to emit light toward the lightguide, and a beam steering element that includes a first polarization grating positioned along an optical path between the display. The first polarization grating diffracts light emitted by the display into orders having different polarizations and the orders are selectively conveyed into different eyeboxes. The eyewear device also includes a frame that supports the lightguide, the display, and the first polarization grating. In some cases, the different polarizations include a right circular polarization or a left circular polarization and the beam steering element includes a polarization dependent filter that filters right circularly polarized light in a first state and left circularly polarized light in a second state.

An eyewear device includes a lightguide having a world-side surface and an eye-side surface, a display oriented to emit light toward the lightguide, and a beam steering element that includes a first polarization grating positioned along an optical path between the display. The first polarization grating diffracts light emitted by the display into orders having different polarizations and the orders are selectively conveyed into different eyeboxes. The eyewear device also includes a frame that supports the lightguide, the display, and the first polarization grating. In some cases, the different polarizations include a right circular polarization or a left circular polarization and the beam steering element includes a polarization dependent filter that filters right circularly polarized light in a first state and left circularly polarized light in a second state.