A laser beam phase-modulation device, a laser beam steering device, and a laser beam steering system including the same are provided. The laser beam phase-modulation device includes a refractive index conversion layer having a refractive index that is changed according to an electrical signal applied thereto, the refractive index conversion layer including an upper surface on which the laser beam is incident and a lower surface opposite the upper surface, at least one antenna pattern embedded in the upper surface of the refractive index conversion layer, and a metal mirror layer provided under the lower surface of the refractive index conversion layer and configured to reflect the laser beam.

Light sources of a backlight are configured to customize the shape of light emitted from the clusters. The clusters are activated as a unit and modulated as to brightness, but of the customized shape. All clusters can have a similar customized PSF, or the customization of each cluster may be varied in real time. Real time changes of a clusters PSF may be based, for example, an image or a region of the image to be displayed using the clusters.

In the examples provided herein, an optical logic gate includes multiple couplers, where no more than two types of couplers are used in the optical logic gate, and further wherein the two types of couplers consist of: a 3-dB coupler and a weak coupler with a given transmission-to-reflection ratio. The optical logic gate also includes a first resonator, wherein the first resonator comprises a photonic crystal resonator or a nonlinear ring resonator, wherein in operation, the first resonator has a dedicated continuous wave input to bias a complex amplitude of a total field input to the first resonator such that the total field input is either above or below a nonlinear switching threshold of the first resonator, where the optical logic gate is an integrated photonic circuit.

A controller for use in a power converter includes a jitter generator circuit coupled to receive a drive signal from a switch controller and generate a jitter signal. The switch controller is coupled to a power switch coupled to an energy transfer element. The switch controller is coupled to receive a current sense signal representative of a drain current through the power switch. The switch controller is coupled to generate the drive signal to control switching of the power switch in response to the current sense signal and the jitter signal to control a transfer of energy from an input of the power converter to an output of the power converter.

A light emitting apparatus includes: a semiconductor layer including a light emitting region that generates modulation light modulated with a first signal, and a feedback region that is configured so that a feedback mode to feed back a part of light generated in the light emitting region to the light emitting region and a monitor mode to monitor a light amount of the light generated in the light emitting region are switchable; and a controller, wherein when the modulation light is generated in the light emitting region, the controller sets the feedback region to the feedback mode, and the controller switches the feedback region to the monitor mode during at least a part of a period in which there is no first signal.

Techniques are described for using confinement structures and/or pattern gratings to reduce or prevent the wicking of sealant polymer (e.g., glue) into the optically active areas of a multi-layered optical assembly. A multi-layered optical structure may include multiple layers of substrate imprinted with waveguide grating patterns. The multiple layers may be secured using an edge adhesive, such as a resin, epoxy, glue, and so forth. A confinement structure such as an edge pattern may be imprinted along the edge of each layer to control and confine the capillary flow of the edge adhesive and prevent the edge adhesive from wicking into the functional waveguide grating patterns of the layers. Moreover, the edge adhesive may be carbon doped or otherwise blackened to reduce the reflection of light off the edge back into the interior of the layer, thus improving the optical function of the assembly.

Embodiments are directed to a (quasi) one-dimensional photonic crystal cavity. This cavity comprises a set of aligned pillars, where the pillars are embedded in a cladding. At least one of the pillars has a sandwich structure, wherein a layer of nonlinear optical material is between two layers of materials having, each, a refractive index that is higher than the refractive index of the nonlinear optical material. Embodiments can further include an all-optical modulator or an all-optical transistor, comprising a photonic crystal such as described above. Finally, embodiments are further directed to methods for modulating an optical signal, using such a photonic crystal cavity.

Light sources of a backlight are configured to customize the shape of light emitted from the clusters. The clusters are activated as a unit and modulated as to brightness, but of the customized shape. All clusters can have a similar customized PSF, or the customization of each cluster may be varied in real time. Real time changes of a clusters PSF may be based, for example, an image or a region of the image to be displayed using the clusters.

The present invention is notably directed to a (quasi) one-dimensional photonic crystal cavity. This cavity comprises a set of aligned pillars, where the pillars are embedded in a cladding. At least one of the pillars has a sandwich structure, wherein a layer of nonlinear optical material is between two layers of materials having, each, a refractive index that is higher than the refractive index of the nonlinear optical material. The invention can furthermore be embodied as an all-optical modulator or an all-optical transistor, comprising a photonic crystal such as described above. Finally, the invention is further directed to methods for modulating an optical signal, using such a photonic crystal cavity.

Supercontinuum (SC) (400 nm to 2500 nm) and a microscope produce enhanced microscopic images on sub-micron to cm scale of linear (.sub.1) and nonlinear (.sub.2, .sub.3, .sub.4 . . . ) processes via resonance including linear absorption, SHG, THG, SRG, SRL, SRS. 2PEF, 3PEF, 4PEF, and inverse Raman in a microscope for 2D and 3D imaging. Images and processes in 2D and 3D arise from electronic and vibrational resonances transitions in biological and medical tissues, cells, condensed matter applications. Resonant Stimulated Raman Scattering (RSRS) is proposed to improve vibrational imaging of biomaterials by using part of SC. Quantum mechanical processes from SC for 2 and 4 photons to improve resolution and imaging using entangled photons are described. The addition of time measuring instrument like a Streak camera and the scattering coefficient .sub.s can be mapped to create images of tissue and biomaterial in 5D: Space (3D), Time, and Wavelength.