An electrochromic system and method for controlling photochromic darkening of an electrochromic device, the system including an EC device, a control unit, a voltage detector, and a power supply. The EC device includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a solid-state polymer electrolyte disposed therebetween. The control unit is configured to control a sweep voltage applied between the working and counter electrodes, such that the sweep voltage is applied when an open circuit voltage (OCV) between the working and counter electrodes is less than a threshold voltage.

An apparatus includes a sensor module. The sensor module includes an electromagnetic radiation sensor configured to provide electromagnetic radiation sensor data. The sensor module further includes a coded mask configured to modulate electromagnetic radiation incident to the electromagnetic radiation sensor and from which the electromagnetic radiation sensor data is generated. The apparatus further includes a computation module configured to obtain the electromagnetic radiation sensor data from the electromagnetic radiation sensor. The computation module is further configured to detect a property from the electromagnetic radiation sensor data using an artificial neural network. The computation module is further configured to output information related to the detected property via an output.

Provided a light modulating device including a variable mirror including a plurality of lattice structures, the plurality of lattice structures including a material having a refractive index that changes based on a temperature of the material, a distributed Bragg mirror spaced apart from the variable mirror and provided above the variable mirror, the distributed Bragg mirror including a first material layer and a second material layer that are alternately stacked, and a refractive index of the first material layer being different from a refractive index of the second material layer, and a heating portion configured to heat the plurality of lattice structures and provided below the variable mirror opposite to the distributed Bragg mirror.

A color conversion assembly, a display panel and a manufacturing method for the color conversion assembly. The color conversion assembly includes: a color conversion layer comprising isolation structures, a plurality of accommodating spaces enclosed by the isolation structures, openings in communication with the respective accommodating spaces, and light conversion units arranged in at least some of the accommodating spaces; and a Bragg filter layer comprising curved filters corresponding to the light conversion units. The curved filters are bent in a direction away from the light conversion units.

Optomechanical device for frequency doubling enhancement are described. The devices include a substrate through which light of a first wavelength is introduced, a first reflector mirror, a conductive layer disposed on the first reflector mirror, and a second mirror spaced apart from the conductive layer, thereby forming an optical cavity between the second mirror and the conductive layer. The devices also include a power source coupled to the second mirror and the conductive layer and a monolayer of non-linear optical material disposed within the optical cavity, the monolayer being configured to produce light of a second wavelength upon interaction with the light of the first wavelength. The second mirror is deformable upon introduction of voltage from the power source and deformation of the second mirror changes a length of the optical cavity, thereby enhancing a power output of the light of the second wavelength produced by the monolayer.

A display apparatus includes a liquid crystal panel; and a backlight unit configured to provide light to the liquid crystal panel, wherein the backlight unit includes: a substrate; and a plurality of light emitting diode groups provided on an upper surface of the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of light emitting diode groups includes a red light emitting diode, a green light emitting diode, and a blue light emitting diode, wherein each of the red light emitting diode, the green light emitting diode, and the blue light emitting diode includes: a light emitting layer; and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) provided on the light emitting layer, and wherein reflectivities of the distributed Bragg reflectors of the red light emitting diode, the green light emitting diode, and the blue light emitting diode are within a same range of reflectivity according to an incident angle of light incident on the DBRs.

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to an optical valve that modifies a laser beam to allow more energy to be irradiated onto less absorbing areas on a substrate and less energy to be irradiated onto more absorbing areas on the substrate, thus creating a more uniform heating field. The optical valve is a layered structure comprising a reflective switch layer, an absorbing layer, a thermal resistor and a thermal bath.

Provided is a light modulator including a substrate, and a resonator configured to modulate a phase of incident light by modulating a refractive index based on an external stimulus, the resonator comprising a first reflective structure provided on the substrate, a cavity layer provided on the first reflective structure, and a second reflective structure provided on the cavity layer, wherein at least one of the first reflective structure or the second reflective structure comprises first material layers, second material layers that are alternately stacked with the first material layers, and a third material layer, and wherein each of the first material layers has a first refractive index, each of the second material layers has a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, and the third material layer has a third refractive index that is different from the first refractive index.

A photonic device including a filter comprising an electrically switchable array, wherein the electrically switchable array includes alternating layers of polymer and polymer-dispersed liquid crystal, wherein the electrically switchable array is tunable under an applied electric field.

A light modulator for amplifying an intensity of incident light and modulating a phase of the incident light is provided. The light modulator includes: a first distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer having a first reflectivity and comprising at least two first refractive index layers that have different refractive indices from each other and are repeatedly alternately stacked; a second DBR layer having a second reflectivity and comprising at least two second refractive index layers that have different refractive indices from each other and are repeatedly alternately stacked; and an active layer disposed between the first DBR layer and the second DBR layer, and comprising a quantum well structure.