A display panel, including first and second substrates assembled into a cell, a transparent medium provided therebetween, and charged light-absorbing particles mixed in the transparent medium. The first substrate includes a first base body and a total internal reflection structure, and a refractive index of the transparent medium is smaller than each of refractive indexes of the total internal reflection structure and the light-absorbing particles. Each pixel unit of the display panel is provided with plural electrode walls therein, the plural electrode walls in each pixel unit include first and second electrode walls. In a direction parallel to the display panel, the first electrode walls and the second electrode walls are provided alternately and wall surfaces thereof are opposite to each other, and electrode walls arranged opposite to each other are provided with a part of the total internal reflection structure therebetween.

A display panel includes a display device, a light-guiding structure and an anti-reflection structure. The light-guiding structure is disposed between the pixels to guide light beams emitted from the pixels toward a display surface. The anti-reflection structure is over the pixels of the display device, wherein the anti-reflection structure includes a photo-sensitive alignment layer, a liquid crystal circular polarizer and a linear polarizer. The photo-sensitive alignment layer is over the optical absorbing layer, wherein the photo-sensitive alignment layer is sensitive to and curable by the light within the wavelength range. The liquid crystal circular polarizer is over the photo-sensitive alignment layer, wherein the liquid crystal circular polarizer includes a plurality of liquid crystal molecules aligned by the photo-sensitive alignment layer. The linear polarizer is over the liquid crystal circular polarizer.

An electro-holographic light field generator device is disclosed. The light field generator device has an optical substrate with a waveguide face and an exit face. One or more surface acoustic wave (SAW) optical modulator devices are included within each light field generator device. The SAW devices each include a light input, a waveguide, and a SAW transducer, all configured for guided mode confinement of input light within the waveguide. A leaky mode deflection of a portion of the waveguided light, or diffractive light, impinges upon the exit face. Multiple output optics at the exit face are configured for developing from each of the output optics a radiated exit light from the diffracted light for at least one of the waveguides. An RF controller is configured to control the SAW devices to develop the radiated exit light as a three-dimensional output light field with horizontal parallax and compatible with observer vertical motion.

A head-up display including a display element illuminated by a plurality of light emitting elements. A lenslet is between a TIR lens array and the display element. The lenslet includes a first side facing the display element and a second side facing the TIR lens array. At least one of the first side and the second side includes a plurality of horizontal lenses or a plurality of vertical lenses configured to evenly distribute light from the TIR lens array across an eyebox generated by the head-up display and balance luminous uniformity and luminous intensity across the eyebox.

An optical device includes a waveguide device, a reflective-type light valve and a projection lens. The waveguide device receives a first polarized beam and includes a first surface, a second surface and the first grating. The first grating is disposed in a path of the first polarized beam to change a propagation direction of the first polarized beam, and the first polarized beam passes through the first surface, the first grating and the second surface in succession. The reflective-type light valve is disposed downstream from the second surface of the waveguide device to convert the first polarized beam into an image beam. The projection lens is disposed downstream from the reflective-type light valve, and the image beam passing through the second surface of the waveguide device, the first grating and the projection lens in succession.

A display module and an electronic device are provided, the display module including: an upper substrate including a first electrode provided on the substrate, and a plurality of projections provided on a first surface of the upper substrate and arranged in a matrix; a lower substrate including a second electrode provided on the lower substrate, and a plurality of grooves provided on a first surface of the lower substrate; and an inverted emulsion. The first surface of the upper substrate is on the first surface of the lower substrate, each projection matches a groove corresponding thereto to form an accommodating space, and the inverted emulsion is filled in the accommodating space.

Brightness in total internal reflection image displays comprising of a color filter array may be enhanced by tuning the size and shape of the convex protrusions. Each protrusion or group of two or more protrusions may be aligned with a color filter sub-pixel such as red, green or blue, and with a thin film transistor. Each protrusion or group of two or more protrusions may be tuned to a specific size and shape with respect to the color filter sub-pixel it may be aligned with on a pixel by pixel basis. This may enhance the reflectance at the wavelength matching the desired color of the respective pixel.

A display device including: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a light-amount adjusting layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a backlight unit disposed under the first substrate, wherein the second substrate includes a plurality of color conversion layers respectively disposed on a plurality of pixel regions, the color conversion layer includes a partition wall; and a phosphor disposed on areas defined by the partition wall, and the color conversion layer includes an air layer between the second substrate and the phosphor.

Optical states in TIR-based image displays may be modulated by movement of electrophoretically mobile particles into and out of the evanescent wave region at the interface of a high refractive index convex protrusions and a low refractive index medium. The movement of particles into the evanescent wave region may frustrate TIR and form dark states at pixels. Movement of particles out of the evanescent wave region may allow for TIR of incident light to form bright states at pixels. The movement of the particles may be controlled by employing the drive methods of pulse width modulation, voltage modulation or a combination thereof.

A light unit according to an exemplary embodiment includes a light source and an optical member transmitting and converting light emitted from the light source, where the optical member includes a light guide, a low refractive index layer disposed on the light guide and having a smaller refractive index than that of the light guide, and a wavelength conversion layer disposed on the low refractive index layer and including quantum dots, and the low refractive index layer includes a metal.