A portable, handheld system for target measurement is provided. The system comprises an imaging assembly comprising first and second camera sensors, separated from one another by a fixed separation distance; and a processor operably coupled to the imaging assembly, the processor being configured to: activate the imaging assembly to capture a primary image of the target with the first camera sensor and to capture a secondary image of the target with the second camera sensor, wherein the target is in a field of view of each of the first and second camera sensors; analyze the captured primary and secondary images to determine a pixel shift value for the target; calculate a parallax value between the primary and secondary images using the determined pixel shift value; compute measurement data related to the target based on the calculated parallax value; and output the measurement data to a display of the imaging system.

A control apparatus provided in a lens apparatus controls a plurality of optical systems each including an aperture diaphragm which is variable in aperture diameter. A lens control unit sets driving amount information regarding the respective driving amounts of the aperture diaphragms, and sets driving speed of each of the aperture diaphragms based on the driving amount information. The lens control unit determines the driving speeds of the respective aperture diaphragms such that driving times of the aperture diaphragms of the plurality of optical systems match each other.

A stereoscopic endoscope comprises at least one image sensor for sensing a first image and a second image of a pair of stereo images. The first image is sensed based on light passing through a first aperture within the stereoscopic endoscope and the second image is sensed based on light passing through a second aperture within the stereoscopic endoscope. The stereoscope endoscope comprises a liquid crystal layer disposed between two layers of glass comprising a first arrangement of electrodes, such that each of the first aperture and the second aperture is created in the liquid crystal layer using a portion of the first arrangement of electrodes, wherein a spacing between the first aperture and the second aperture, and a polarization state associated with each of the first and second apertures are controlled using corresponding control signals provided through the first arrangement of electrodes.

A stereoscopic endoscope comprises at least one image sensor for sensing a first image and a second image of a pair of stereo images. The first image is sensed based on light passing through a first aperture within the stereoscopic endoscope and the second image is sensed based on light passing through a second aperture within the stereoscopic endoscope. The stereoscope endoscope comprises a liquid crystal layer disposed between two layers of glass comprising a first arrangement of electrodes, such that each of the first aperture and the second aperture is created in the liquid crystal layer using a portion of the first arrangement of electrodes, wherein a spacing between the first aperture and the second aperture, and a polarization state associated with each of the first and second apertures are controlled using corresponding control signals provided through the first arrangement of electrodes.

A lens apparatus includes two optical systems each of which includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a negative first lens unit, a first reflective member, an aperture diaphragm, a second reflective member, and a positive second lens unit. Each optical system satisfies following inequalities:
5.9<DR/f<13.6
0.7<D2/f2<5.2
10.4<DP/f<19.8
DR represents a distance on an optical axis from a reflective surface of the first reflective member to a reflective surface of the second reflective member. f represents a focal length of the optical system. f2 represents a focal length of the second lens unit. D2 represents a distance on the optical axis from the reflective surface of the second reflective member to an image plane. DP represents a distance on the optical axis from the aperture diaphragm to the image plane.

A lens apparatus includes two optical systems each of which includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a negative first lens unit, a first reflective member, an aperture diaphragm, a second reflective member, and a positive second lens unit. Each optical system satisfies following inequalities:
5.9<DR/f<13.6
0.7<D2/f2<5.2
10.4<DP/f<19.8
DR represents a distance on an optical axis from a reflective surface of the first reflective member to a reflective surface of the second reflective member. f represents a focal length of the optical system. f2 represents a focal length of the second lens unit. D2 represents a distance on the optical axis from the reflective surface of the second reflective member to an image plane. DP represents a distance on the optical axis from the aperture diaphragm to the image plane.

Methods and apparatus provide for: capturing an image of a subject from a position; capturing a plurality of images of the subject from a plurality of further positions around the position such that the plurality of captured images of the subject are at least one of different in image quality and view angles than the image of the subject from the position; generating data to be output on a basis of the image captured from the position and the plurality of images captured from the plurality of further positions; synthesizing the image captured from the position and the plurality of images captured from the plurality of further positions; and changing a synthesis ratio according to an image synthesis position.

A third imaging unit including a pixel not having a polarization characteristic is interposed between a first imaging unit and a second imaging unit including a pixel having a polarization characteristic for each of a plurality of polarization directions. A depth map is generated from a viewpoint of the first imaging unit by matching processing using a first image generated by the first imaging unit and a second image generated by the second imaging unit. A normal map is generated on the basis of a polarization state of the first image. Integration processing of the depth map and the normal map is performed and a depth map with a high accuracy is generated. The depth map generated by the map integrating unit is converted into a map from a viewpoint of the third imaging unit, and an image free from deterioration can be generated.

A third imaging unit including a pixel not having a polarization characteristic is interposed between a first imaging unit and a second imaging unit including a pixel having a polarization characteristic for each of a plurality of polarization directions. A depth map is generated from a viewpoint of the first imaging unit by matching processing using a first image generated by the first imaging unit and a second image generated by the second imaging unit. A normal map is generated on the basis of a polarization state of the first image. Integration processing of the depth map and the normal map is performed and a depth map with a high accuracy is generated. The depth map generated by the map integrating unit is converted into a map from a viewpoint of the third imaging unit, and an image free from deterioration can be generated.

An image processing apparatus includes an acquisition unit which acquires a parallax image generated based on a signal of a photoelectric converter among a plurality of photoelectric converters which receive light beams passing through partial pupil regions of an imaging optical system different from each other, and acquires a captured image generated by combining signals of the plurality of photoelectric converters, and an image processing unit which performs correction process so as to reduce a defect included in the parallax image based on the captured image.