A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 m to 50 m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 m to 400 m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer disposed in sequence. The protective layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a radically polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material exhibiting a maximal absorption wavelength of 40550 nm, and a photopolymerization initiator of a single-molecule system; and a following Expression (A) is satisfied:

G=Eox(D/D.sup.+)Ered(A.sup./A)E*0.2 [eV]Expression (A):

G represents a free energy change, Eox(D/D.sup.+) represents an oxidation potential of the charge transporting material, Ered(A.sup./A) represents a reduction potential of the photopolymerization initiator, and E* represents an excitation energy of the charge transporting material.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer disposed in sequence. The protective layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a radically polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material exhibiting a maximal absorption wavelength of 40550 nm, and a photopolymerization initiator of a single-molecule system; and a following Expression (A) is satisfied:

G=Eox(D/D.sup.+)Ered(A.sup./A)E*0.2 [eV]Expression (A):

G represents a free energy change, Eox(D/D.sup.+) represents an oxidation potential of the charge transporting material, Ered(A.sup./A) represents a reduction potential of the photopolymerization initiator, and E* represents an excitation energy of the charge transporting material.

A conductive support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical member containing aluminum, wherein the cylindrical member has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 1.3 m or less, a maximum height of roughness profile Rz of 5.0 m or less, and a mean width of roughness profile elements RSm in an axial direction of 80 m to 400 m.

A conductive support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical member containing aluminum, wherein the cylindrical member has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 1.3 m or less, a maximum height of roughness profile Rz of 5.0 m or less, and a mean width of roughness profile elements RSm in an axial direction of 80 m to 400 m.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate and containing a binder resin, metal oxide particles, and an electron-accepting compound having an anthraquinone structure; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer, wherein the reflectance RL of the undercoat layer for light having a wavelength ranging approximately from 470 nm to 510 nm is approximately from 2% to 5%.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer contains a polymer of a composition containing a compound represented by the formula (1). ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer contains a polymer of a composition containing a compound represented by the formula (1). ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate and containing a binder resin, metal oxide particles, and an electron-accepting compound having an anthraquinone structure; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer, wherein the reflectance RL of the undercoat layer for light having a wavelength ranging approximately from 470 nm to 510 nm is approximately from 2% to 5%.

A layered, positively-charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, a method for manufacturing the photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photoreceptor are disclosed. The layered, positively-charged electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support on which is provided a sequential stack composed of a charge transport layer containing at least a first hole transport material and a first binder resin; and a charge generation layer containing at least a charge generation material, a second hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a second binder resin, wherein the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer have a total amount of residual solvents that is 50 g/cm.sup.2 or less. The photoreceptor is highly sensitive, highly durable, and has excellent image qualities including low image defects from cracks generated due to image memory or contact contamination. The photoreceptor is applicable to a high-resolution and high-speed positively-charged electrophotographic apparatuses and provides excellent operational stability.