Techniques, systems, and devices are disclosed for implementing a photoconductive device performing bulk conduction. In one exemplary aspect, a photoconductive device is disclosed. The device includes a light source configured to emit light; a crystalline material positioned to receive the light from the light source, wherein the crystalline material is doped with a dopant that forms a mid-gap state within a bandgap of the crystalline material to control a recombination time of the crystalline material; a first electrode coupled to the crystalline material to provide a first electrical contact for the crystalline material, and a second electrode coupled to the crystalline material to provide a second electrical contact for the crystalline material, wherein the first and the second electrodes are configured to establish an electric field across the crystalline material, and the crystalline material is configured to exhibit a substantially linear transconductance in response to receiving the light.

An imaging system includes a photoreceptor including a surface to form a static latent image, a non-contact charging device being spaced apart from the photoreceptor, a power source to apply a voltage to the charging device, and a controller. The charging device charges an image-forming portion of the surface of the photoreceptor during an image-forming period and charges a non-image-forming portion of the surface of the photoreceptor during a non-image-forming period. The controller changes a signal parameter of the voltage to be applied by the power source during the non-image-forming period, in order to adjust a current flowing from the charging device to the photoreceptor.

A photoconductor marking apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a radiation source to emit radiation capable of irreversibly modifying photoconductive properties of a layer of a multi-layered photoconductor. The apparatus also includes processing apparatus to: determine a pattern to be applied to a photoconductor to be used in a print apparatus, the photoconductor having an imaging area within which print agent is to be deposited; and control the radiation source to direct radiation towards the photoconductor in a region outside the imaging area, so as to irreversibly modify photoconductive properties of a layer of the photoconductor according to the determined pattern. A method and a machine-readable medium are also disclosed.

The present disclosure provides a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus in which fogging is reduced so as to reduce an amount of toner consumed. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus includes a developing unit containing a toner, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner that has a toner particle, and has a metal salt of a polyvalent acid at least on a part of a surface of the toner particle; wherein the metal salt of the polyvalent acid includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains an acrylic resin or a methacrylic resin.

The present disclosure provides a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus in which fogging is reduced so as to reduce an amount of toner consumed. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus includes a developing unit containing a toner, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner that has a toner particle, and has a metal salt of a polyvalent acid at least on a part of a surface of the toner particle; wherein the metal salt of the polyvalent acid includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains an acrylic resin or a methacrylic resin.

An electroconductive roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The arithmetic mean peak curvature S.sub.pc of a surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 1,880 (1/mm), and is equal to or less than 14,024 (1/mm).

An electroconductive roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The arithmetic mean peak curvature S.sub.pc of a surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 1,880 (1/mm), and is equal to or less than 14,024 (1/mm).

An imaging system includes a photoreceptor including a surface to form a static latent image, a non-contact charging device being spaced apart from the photoreceptor, a power source to apply a voltage to the charging device, and a controller. The charging device charges an image-forming portion of the surface of the photoreceptor during an image-forming period and charges a non-image-forming portion of the surface of the photoreceptor during a non-image-forming period. The controller changes a signal parameter of the voltage to be applied by the power source during the non-image-forming period, in order to adjust a current flowing from the charging device to the photoreceptor.

A cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member having concave portions on a surface thereof includes a region A having concave portions at an end portion in an axial direction of the photosensitive member and a region B having concave portions different from those in the region A in a direction toward a center of the axial direction of the photosensitive member from the region A, wherein in the region A, an average value L1 is 20 to 200 μm, an average value W1 satisfies W1≤L1, an average value d1 is 1.7 to 4.0 μm, and an area ratio a1 is 5 to 65%; and in the region B, an average value L2 is 20 to 200 μm, an average value W2 satisfies W2≤L2, an average value d2 is 0.3 to 1.5 μm, and an area ratio a2 is 5 to 65%.

In an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wrinkles have a convex portion in which a linear shape portion having a length of 50 μm or longer exists, the linear shape portion is parallel to any one of L1 to L150 and L1651 to L1800, and each of L1 to L1800 intersects with the convex portion at a plurality of places, and at least two of the places have different intersection angles; and when height information of the wrinkles is subjected to a frequency analysis, and a two-dimensional power spectrum is obtained, a one-dimensional radial distribution function has at least one local maximum value, and when an angular distribution is calculated from the spectrum at a frequency of the local maximum value, the power values have a particular relationship.