An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer adjacent to the undercoat layer in this order, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transporting material having a polymerizable functional group, a cross-linking agent, and a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group, and at least one type of particles selected from the group consisting of resin particles having a hollow structure and rubber particles, wherein a content of the electron transporting material in the undercoat layer is 30% by mass or more with respect to a total mass of the composition, and wherein a content of the at least one type of particles in the undercoat layer is 10% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less with respect to the content of the electron transporting material.

An image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor which includes an electroconductive substrate, an undercoat layer which is provided on the electroconductive substrate and has an electrostatic capacitance per unit area of from 2×10.sup.−10 F/cm.sup.2 to 2×10.sup.−F/cm, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer; a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on a charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by using a developer containing a toner, so as to form a toner image; and a direct transfer type transfer unit that directly transfers the toner image onto a surface of a recording medium.

A photoconductor including: a conductive support; an undercoat layer; and a photoconductive layer, the undercoat layer being disposed over the conductive support, the photoconductive layer being disposed over the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer includes zinc oxide particles, wherein when a film thickness of the undercoat layer is 20 μm, the undercoat layer has transmittance of 50% or more to light having a wavelength in a range of 500 nm or more but 800 nm or less, wherein a lowest transmittance of light is 85% or less in the range, and wherein when an electric field of 5 V/μm is applied to the undercoat layer, volume resistivity of the undercoat layer is 1.0×10.sup.7 Ω.Math.cm or more but 5.0×10.sup.8 Ω.Math.cm or less at an environment of 23° C. and 55% RH.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an intermediate layer, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive support in this order, wherein a cured product of a polymerizable monomer contains an electron transport agent and n-type metal oxide fine particles to which a reactive organic group is bonded in the surface layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate including an outer peripheral surface treated with a silazane; and a photosensitive layer on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating material and a charge transporting material.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a laminated body, the laminated body including a support, an undercoat layer, and a charge generating layer. The undercoat layer includes a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transport material represented by formula (1), a cross-linking agent, and a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group, the laminated body satisfying expressions (2) and (3)
Z.sup.1—X—Z.sup.2  (1)
0.20≦|Vd2−Vd1|≦2.0  (2)
τ≦10  (3)
in which Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are groups having electron transport property, X is a linker, Vd2 and Vd1 are surface potentials of the charge generating layer after charging and τ is transit time based on a change rate of the surface of the charge generating layer, each as defined in the specification.

An organic photoconductor includes a cylindrical body having a surface on which an electrostatic latent image is to be formed, and an optical tag provided on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical body. The organic photoconductor may be included in a development cartridge for an image forming apparatus.

A photoelectric conversion element includes a support, a photoelectric conversion layer, an undercoat layer, and a surface layer; where the photoelectric conversion layer, the undercoat layer, and the surface layer are disposed on or above the support in this order. The surface layer is a ceramic film, and the undercoat layer includes a siloxane resin.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer is formed of a cured product of a composition that contains a reactive group-containing triarylamine compound, a curing agent, and an electron transport material and that has a butyral resin content of 0 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less relative to all solid components in the undercoat layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, an undercoat layer on the conductive support, and a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, in which the charge generation layer contains a phthalocyanine compound, the undercoat layer contains an electron transport compound, and a difference between an energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the phthalocyanine compound and an energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the electron transport compound is less than 0.45 eV.