An electrophotographic developing member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive layer provided on the support, wherein the electro-conductive layer has a matrix containing a first rubber and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, and the domain contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent and when a frequency is log-log-plotted on a horizontal axis and an impedance is log-log-plotted on a vertical axis with respect to an impedance measured by applying an alternating current voltage having an amplitude of 1 V on the electro-conductive layer while changing a frequency between 1.0×10.sup.−2 Hz to 1.0×10.sup.7 Hz under a specific environment, an inclination of an impedance on a high frequency side is −0.8 or more and −0.3 or less and an impedance on a low frequency side is 1.0×10.sup.4Ω to 1.0×10.sup.11Ω.

The undercoat layer contains metal particles and a polyamide resin. The metal particle has a core and a coat layer covering at least a part of the core. The core contains titanium oxide. The coat layer contains at least a metal oxide different from titanium oxide. The metal oxide different from the titanium oxide is located on the outermost surface of the metal particles. The polyamide resin has an amide bond and an alkylene group. The absorption rate of the first peak derived from the amide bond to the second peak derived from the alkylene group to the first absorbance measured by infrared spectroscopy is ≥0.70.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the undercoat layer comprises a polyamide resin, and titanium oxide particles having been subjected to a surface treatment with an organic silicon compound, when an average primary particle size of the titanium oxide particles having been subjected to the surface treatment with the organic silicon compound is defined as “b” [μm], and a mass ratio of a Si element to TiO.sub.2 in the titanium oxide particles having been subjected to the surface treatment with the organic silicon compound is defined as “c” [mass %], “b” and “c” satisfy a relationship expressed by the following Expression (B), 0.025≤b×c≤0.050, and the photosensitive layer is a monolayer type photosensitive layer comprising a charge generating substance, a hole transporting substance, and an electron transporting substance.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing: a copolymerization product of a composition containing a hole-transportable compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a compound having a specific structure; and metal oxide particles.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that shows stable sensitivity even when repeatedly used. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, an undercoat layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transporting layer in the stated order, wherein the undercoat layer contains two kinds of electron transporting substances.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that reduces the accumulation of charge and the leakage which are caused by a repeated use in a long period of time. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polyamide resin, and a titanium oxide particle, wherein the titanium oxide particle has been surfacetreated with an organosilicon compound, wherein the undercoat layer satisfies 1070, where represents a degree [%] of hydrophobicity of the titanium oxide particle which has been surfacetreated with the organosilicon compound; and the undercoat layer satisfies 0.015()0.040, where represents an average primary particle size [m] of the titanium oxide particles, and represents a weight percentage [wt %] of an Si element of the organosilicon compound with respect to the titanium oxide particle.

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes, in sequence, a support member; an undercoating layer containing a binder resin and an inorganic particle; and a photosensitive layer, wherein the binder resin of the undercoating layer is an alkyd-melamine resin, and the inorganic particle of the undercoating layer contains a strontium titanate particle.

An electrophotographic photoconductor, including a substrate of a cylindrical shape, an organic photosensitive layer formed on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, and a two-dimensional code provided on the outer peripheral surface of the substrate between the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer, at at least one axial end of the substrate. The two-dimensional code encodes identification information, and is formed outside an image formation region of the electrophotographic photoconductor. The two-dimensional code includes a first part and a second part satisfying 15L120, wherein L1 is a difference between an L-value of the first part and that of the second part in a Lab color space. The outer peripheral surface of the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer satisfy L260, wherein L2 is a difference between an L-value of the outer peripheral surface of the substrate and an L-value of the organic photosensitive layer in the Lab color space.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.

An electrophotographic developing member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive layer provided on the support, wherein the electro-conductive layer has a matrix containing a first rubber and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, and the domain contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent and when a frequency is log-log-plotted on a horizontal axis and an impedance is log-log-plotted on a vertical axis with respect to an impedance measured by applying an alternating current voltage having an amplitude of 1 V on the electro-conductive layer while changing a frequency between 1.010.sup.2 Hz to 1.010.sup.7 Hz under a specific environment, an inclination of an impedance on a high frequency side is 0.8 or more and 0.3 or less and an impedance on a low frequency side is 1.010.sup.4 to 1.010.sup.11.