An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical substrate; and a surface layer located on an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate. At least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate is formed as a rough surface, and a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in the cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer is larger than that of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer. An image forming apparatus includes the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a peripheral member capable of contacting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical substrate; and a surface layer located on an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate. At least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate is formed as a rough surface, and a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in the cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer is larger than that of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer. An image forming apparatus includes the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a peripheral member capable of contacting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. In an infrared absorption spectrum of the fluorine-containing graft polymer, a ratio of a peak area in a wavenumber range of from 1,020 cm.sup.1 to 1,308 cm.sup.1 to a peak area in a wavenumber range of from 1,673 cm.sup.1 to 1,779 cm.sup.1 is 2.7 or more and 4.8 or less.

An overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum includes a curable composition having about 20 to about 80 percent by weight of a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups as exemplified below: ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group. The curable composition may also include a non-radical polymerizable additive, such as a surfactant, and/or a curing agent.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transporting layer, the charge-generating layer and the charge-transporting layer being arranged on the support, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains: inorganic particles having an average particle diameter (L) of primary particles of 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less; and resin particles having an average particle diameter (L) of primary particles of 0.1 m or more and 5.0 m or less, and wherein in any cross-section of the surface layer, (Sm)/(S)0.3 is satisfied, where a region within (L/2) from a surface of each of the resin particles is defined as a region (M), a sum of cross-sectional areas of the inorganic particles in the any cross-section is represented by (S), and a sum of cross-sectional areas of the inorganic particles that are included in the region (M) is represented by (Sm).

A photo-conductor drum includes: a cylindrical surface to receive a charge pattern corresponding to an image to be printed; and a protective layer of material coating at least a portion of the cylindrical surface to protect the cylindrical surface from damage prior to installation of the drum in a printing device.

A photo-conductor drum includes: a cylindrical surface to receive a charge pattern corresponding to an image to be printed; and a protective layer of material coating at least a portion of the cylindrical surface to protect the cylindrical surface from damage prior to installation of the drum in a printing device.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer having a structural unit represented by general formula (FA), a structural unit represented by general formula (FB), and a structural unit represented by general formula (FC): ##STR00001##
where R.sup.F1, R.sup.F2, R.sup.F3, and R.sup.F4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; X.sup.F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, S, O, NH, or a single bond; Y.sup.F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, (C.sub.fxH.sub.2fx-1(OH)), or a single bond; Q.sup.F1 represents O or NH; fl, fm, and fn each independently represent an integer of 1 or more; fp, fq, fr, and fs each independently represent an integer of 0 or 1 or more; ft represents an integer of 1 or more and 7 or less; fx represents an integer of 1 or more; R.sup.F5 and R.sup.F6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; and fz represents an integer of 1 or more.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that has mechanical durability, and can achieve both of suppression of an image flow and adequate electrical characteristics. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer provided on the support, a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a copolymerized product of a composition containing a hole transporting compound represented by the following formula (1) and a compound represented by the following formula (3):

##STR00001##

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.