A transfer device includes a holding body, a transfer body, and a setting portion. The holding body holds multiple layers including a base layer formed of a toner having a mass larger than a threshold. The toner is electrically charged by a charging device. The transfer body transfers the layers on the holding body to a recording medium. The setting portion sets the charging device so that the charging device electrically charges a toner immediately after being transferred to the holding body with a larger amount of electric charges when the base layer is located uppermost on the holding body, than when the base layer is located other than uppermost on the holding body.

A transfer device includes a holding body, a transfer body, and a setting portion. The holding body holds multiple layers including a base layer formed of a toner having a mass larger than a threshold. The toner is electrically charged by a charging device. The transfer body transfers the layers on the holding body to a recording medium. The setting portion sets the charging device so that the charging device electrically charges a toner immediately after being transferred to the holding body with a larger amount of electric charges when the base layer is located uppermost on the holding body, than when the base layer is located other than uppermost on the holding body.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. The particles have a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. The particles have a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of achieving both high leak resistance and reduction in variations in dark part potential and bright part potential due to repeated use even when CB is used for an electrically conductive layer. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, sequentially, wherein the electrically conductive layer contains a binder resin and carbon black, a number average primary particle diameter of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 500 nm or less, an average inter-particle distance of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 600 nm or less, a coefficient of variation of an inter-particle distance is 1.2 or less, and SF-1 of the carbon black is 150 or less.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of achieving both high leak resistance and reduction in variations in dark part potential and bright part potential due to repeated use even when CB is used for an electrically conductive layer. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, sequentially, wherein the electrically conductive layer contains a binder resin and carbon black, a number average primary particle diameter of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 500 nm or less, an average inter-particle distance of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 600 nm or less, a coefficient of variation of an inter-particle distance is 1.2 or less, and SF-1 of the carbon black is 150 or less.

An image formation apparatus includes: a plurality of image formers each of which is provided for each color and forms a toner image; a plurality of image carriers each of which is provided in accordance with each of the image formers and carries the toner image formed by each image former; a first intermediate transfer body on which multiple toner images are formed; a secondary transferor that secondarily transfers to a sheet, the multiple toner images formed on the first intermediate transfer body; and an adhesion force reducer that is provided between a position where the multiple toner images are formed on the first intermediate transfer body and a secondary transfer position of the secondary transferor and that reduces an adhesion force of toner included in the multiple toner images formed on the first intermediate transfer body.

A toner case includes a toner storage portion, a cylindrical portion, a shutter member, and a biasing member. The cylindrical portion has an interior space and communicated with the interior of the toner storage portion through a toner discharge port. An opening is formed at one of opposite ends of the interior space, and a closing wall is formed at the other of the opposite ends of the interior space. The shutter member is supported so as to be slidable in an extension direction of the cylindrical portion, and is movable between a closing position and an opening position. The shutter member at the closing position closes the toner discharge port, and the shutter member at the opening position opens the toner discharge port. The biasing member configured to position the shutter member to the closing position by applying a biasing force to the shutter member.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. The particles have a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

A light-emitting component includes a light-emitting element, a thyristor, and a light-absorbing layer. The thyristor includes a semiconductor layer having a bandgap energy smaller than or equal to a bandgap energy equivalent to a wavelength of light emitted by the light-emitting element. The thyristor causes the light-emitting element to emit light or causes an amount of light emitted by the light-emitting element to increase, upon entering an on-state. The light-absorbing layer is disposed between the light-emitting element and the thyristor such that the light-emitting element and the thyristor are stacked. The light-absorbing layer absorbs the light emitted by the light-emitting element.