An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially layered on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a curable composition containing p-type semiconductor fine particles, an n-type organic semiconductor, and a polymerizable compound.

A compound has a structure represented by the following formula (C1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.a1, R.sub.a2, R.sub.a3, R.sub.a41, R.sub.a42, R.sub.a43, R.sub.a44, R.sub.a45, R.sub.a5, R.sub.a6, R.sub.a7, R.sub.a8, R.sub.a9, R.sub.a10, and R.sub.a11 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a group obtained by combining two or more of the above groups, and a combination of R.sub.a1 and R.sub.a2, R.sub.a41 and R.sub.a42, R.sub.a42 and R.sub.a43, R.sub.a43 and R.sub.a44, R.sub.a44 and R.sub.a45, R.sub.a5 and R.sub.a6, R.sub.a8 and R.sub.a9, or R.sub.a10 and R.sub.a11 each independently may form a ring.

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, and a photosensitive layer on the support. The photosensitive layer has a charge generating layer containing a charge generating material and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting material, in this order. The charge transporting layer contains (α) a specific polycarbonate resin or a specific polyester resin, (β) the charge transporting material, (γ) a methoxybenzene, and (δ) a methoxybenzene, a methoxycyclohexane or a methylhexanol having a substituent. The content Wδ of the (δ) is 0.001% by mass or more and 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the charge transporting layer.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound.

An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and a surface layer, the surface layer including at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, perfluoropolyether having a specified structure and a fluorine-containing copolymer, the fluorine-containing copolymer having a first polymerized unit of at least one of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, and a second polymerized unit of at least one of methyl acrylate having a fluoroalkyl group and methyl methacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, a molar ratio between the first polymerized unit and the second polymerized unit being 7 to 12, the fluorine-containing copolymer having Mw of 80000 or more and 150000 or less, and the ratio between Mn and Mw (Mw/Mn) being 3.0 or more and 6.5 or less.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

An electrophotographic belt including: a base layer, an elastic layer formed on the base layer, and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and polytetrafluoroethylene particles. A content of the polytetrafluoroethylene particles is 200 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The polytetrafluoroethylene particles have a number average particle diameter of 200 nm or less.

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus in which streak-like banding to be formed in an electrophotographic photosensitive member is suppressed. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has a protective layer, and a developer carrying member for supplying a developer. The protective layer contains a cured product containing an aromatic ring and an ester group, by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, when a peak area based on C═C stretching vibration of the aromatic ring is represented by S1, and a peak area based on C═O stretching vibration of the ester group is represented by S2, an area ratio S1/S2 is 0.10 to 0.27, and a rotation speed ratio D1/D2 of a rotation speed D1 of the developer carrying member to a rotation speed D2 of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.80 to 1.20.

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus in which streak-like banding to be formed in an electrophotographic photosensitive member is suppressed. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprises an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has a protective layer, and a developer carrying member for supplying a developer. The protective layer contains a cured product containing an aromatic ring and an ester group, by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, when a peak area based on C═C stretching vibration of the aromatic ring is represented by S1, and a peak area based on C═O stretching vibration of the ester group is represented by S2, an area ratio S1/S2 is 0.10 to 0.27, and a rotation speed ratio D1/D2 of a rotation speed D1 of the developer carrying member to a rotation speed D2 of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.80 to 1.20.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that is excellent in image smearing resistance and low torque while maintaining its electrophotographic characteristic. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising, in this order: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a protection layer as a surface layer, wherein the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0%, and wherein an A value represented by the following formula (1) is 0.10 to 0.27: A=S1/S2 . . . formula (1), where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area based on C═C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and S2 represents a peak area based on C═O stretching vibration of an ester group by the same method.