Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the generation of a positive ghost image is suppressed under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, and the occurrence of cracking is suppressed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. Also provided are a process cartridge mounted with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus including the process cartridge. The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present disclosure is characterized in that an undercoat layer contains aluminum oxide particles and titanium oxide particles at a specific mass ratio.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including a photosensitive layer formed on an electroconductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge-generating material and an electron-transporting material, and the electron-transporting material includes first and second electron-transporting materials. A difference in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy between the first electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 1.0 to 1.5 eV, and a difference in LUMO energy between the second electron-transporting material and the charge-generating material is in a range from 0.6 to 0.9 eV. A ratio of mass of the second electron-transporting material to a total of mass of the first electron-transporting material and the mass of the second electron-transporting material is in a range from 3 to 40%.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that is improved in potential stability in long-term use under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and does not cause degradation in image quality, such as a low density. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; an undercoat layer formed on the support; a charge-generating layer formed directly on the undercoat layer; and a charge-transporting layer formed on the charge-generating layer. The undercoat layer contains a polyamide resin, titanium oxide particles surface-treated with an organic silicon compound, and a compound represented by the following Formula (1), and has a content of the compound represented by the Formula (1) of 4 ppm or more and 80 ppm or less:

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in the Formula (1), R and R each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group.

Described herein is a photoreceptor and a method of making metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate. The undercoat layer includes metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin. A photosensitive layer is disposed on the undercoat layer.

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a SiO bond and an OSiO bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015a*b0.090 holds.

An electrically conductive support for use in an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical main body having a first end and a second end opposite to the first end in an axial direction of the main body. The main body contains an aluminum alloy and has an internal stress in a range of 30 MPa to 5 MPa. A method of producing the electrically conductive support includes preparing a substrate containing an aluminum alloy obtained at least through an extrusion step, and heat treating the substrate to obtain the electrically conductive support. The heat treating is carried out such that, when a temperature of the heat treating is defined as T ( C.) and a time of the heat treating is defined as H (hours), an amount of the heat treating Q defined by Q=TH is 800 or less.

An electrophotographic member including: a base member; an elastic layer having a thickness of from 100 m to 500 m, and containing a cured product of an addition-curable silicone rubber composition; and a cured product layer arranged between the base member and the elastic layer, the cured product layer containing a cured product of a composition containing an organopolysiloxane having a SiH group and a silane coupling agent having an alkenyl group. A peel adhesive strength between the elastic layer and the base member is a specific range. The elastic layer undergoes a cohesive failure in a peel test from the base member. The ratio (HU2/HU1) of a universal hardness HU2 on the inner surface of the elastic layer to a universal hardness HU1 at a position reached by cutting the elastic layer from its outer surface in its depth direction by 10 m is a specific range.

Described herein is a photoreceptor and a method of making metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate. The undercoat layer includes metal oxide particles having hygroscopic polymers attached to a surface of the metal oxide particles. The undercoat layer includes a binder resin. A photosensitive layer is disposed on the undercoat layer.

An image forming apparatus includes a draw-up member that draws a liquid developer containing oil and toner up from a storage part in which the liquid developer is stored while rotating; a cylindrical member that is disposed so as to face the draw-up member, receives the liquid developer from the draw-up member while rotating, and has a circumferential surface on which a film of the liquid developer is formed, the cylindrical member having an elastic part having a circular cross section and a coating film that covers the elastic part and is made of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether; and a formation member having a circumferential surface on which an image is formed by the liquid developer received by the cylindrical member.

An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a charge roller. The photosensitive member comprises a base body, and a photosensitive layer which is a monolayer formed on the base body and comprises a charge generating agent, a charge transport agent and a binder resin. The charge roller configured to contact the photosensitive member and charge the photosensitive member by application of only a DC voltage. The charge roller comprises a conductive rubber layer, and a ten-point average roughness of a surface of the charge roller is 0.9 m or more and 8.5 m or less.