A coating film of a coating liquid for a surface layer, the coating liquid containing a hole transporting compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a compound having a specified structure, is cured to thereby form a surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

An image forming apparatus includes a draw-up member that draws a liquid developer containing oil and toner up from a storage part in which the liquid developer is stored while rotating; a cylindrical member that is disposed so as to face the draw-up member, receives the liquid developer from the draw-up member while rotating, and has a circumferential surface on which a film of the liquid developer is formed, the cylindrical member having an elastic part having a circular cross section and a coating film that covers the elastic part and is made of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether; and a formation member having a circumferential surface on which an image is formed by the liquid developer received by the cylindrical member.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition having no charge transport materials but including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups. This overcoat layer improves wear resistance of the photoconductor drum without negatively altering the electrophotographic properties

An electrophotographic photosensitive body includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially laminated on an electroconductive support, wherein the protective layer has a domain containing perfluoropolyether.

A polyarylate resin includes at least one type of repeating unit represented by a general formula (1), at least one type of repeating unit represented by a general formula (2), and a terminal group represented by a general formula (3). R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group. R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may bond together to represent a C.sub.5-7 cycloalkylidene group. X.sup.1 represents a divalent group represented by a chemical formula (2A), (2B), (2C), or (2D) with the proviso that when only one type of repeating unit represented by the general formula (2) is included, X.sup.1 does not represent a divalent group represented by the chemical formula (2D). R.sup.f represents a chain aliphatic group having at least one fluoro group. ##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide an image bearing member for electrophotography. The image bearing member has high mechanical properties which include abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, is excellent in toner releasability, and is capable of retaining these features. The present invention provides an image bearing member for electrophotography, which includes a surface layer, the surface layer being composed of a polymerization-cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and surface-treated metal oxide particles, and the surface-treated metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone side chain.

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a cylindrical shape, including a plurality of concave portions on a surface thereof, wherein a sum of opening areas of the concave portions is 5% or more and 65% or less based on a total area of a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an average value davg of depths of the concave portions satisfies the following Equation (1),
0.4davg3.0(m)Equation (1) a sum of opening areas of concave portions having a specific depth d is 95% or more of the sum of the opening areas of the concave portions, an average value Lavg of maximum widths of openings of the concave portions in a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 20 m or more and 200 m or less, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least one specific region B.

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the variation in potential during repeated use is reduced. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member of which an undercoat layer comprises a urethane resin and titanium oxide particles whose primary particle and secondary particle diameters are defined.

The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member configured to bear a toner image, the photosensitive member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin, and an intermediate transfer member configured to secondarily transfer the toner image having been primarily transferred from the photosensitive member onto a transfer material, the intermediate transfer member having a surface layer containing acrylic resin and having a ten-point average roughness Rz set within a range of 0.35 mRz1.5 m.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor of a negatively-chargeable laminate-type includes a conductive substrate; a charge generation layer provided on the conductive substrate and including a charge generating material; and a charge transport layer provided on the charge generation layer and containing, as a binder resin, a copolymerized polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit represented by Formula (1); as a hole transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (2); as an electron transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (3), and, as an antioxidant, a compound represented by Structural Formula (4), where a mass ratio H/(B+H) represents a ratio of mass (H) of the hole transporting substance with respect to a sum of mass (B) of the binder resin and the mass (H) of the hole transporting substance, and satisfies Formula (5), 20% by massH/(B+H)35% by mass.

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