An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin having a constitutional unit containing biphenyl represented by Formula (1), and an amount of an aromatic carboxylic acid halide in the charge transport layer is 1510.sup.8 mol/g or less per unit mass of the charge transport layer,

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in Formula (1), j represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, j pieces of R.sup.11's each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group, k represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, and k pieces of R.sup.12's each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group.

An image-forming apparatus with strontium titanate used as an external additive for a toner is provided, wherein the image-forming apparatus is an electrophotographic apparatus that has the durability of an electrophotographic photosensitive member maintained and is superior in transferability even under low-temperature/low-humidity conditions. An electrophotographic apparatus is provided, the electrophotographic apparatus including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing a resin X as a binder resin; a charging unit; an exposing unit; a developing unit; and a transferring unit, wherein the toner contains strontium titanate as an external additive, and the resin X contains a structural unit represented by Formula (1).

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in sequence on a conductive support, the protective layer containing an electron transporting compound having a left-right asymmetric structure in which an electron transporting skeleton is centered, with a side chain having a polymerizable functional group on one side, and with a side chain having no polymerizable functional group on the other side, the electrophotographic photoconductor having good electrical properties, especially residual potential properties, even when a compound having electron transportability is contained in the protective layer.

An electrophotographic member at least comprising: a base layer; and a surface layer on the base layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a binder resin, a tin oxide-containing particle, and at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of a polyoxyethylene-polycaprolactone copolymer and a polyoxyethylene-polyvalerolactone copolymer; the binder resin comprises a (meth)acrylic resin; the copolymer has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a carboxy group and a phosphate group; and a content percentage of the particle in relation to the surface layer is 2.0% to 10.0% by volume.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer, in which an integrated value of an intensity in a period range of 0.01 mm or greater and 0.1 mm or less in a power spectrum obtained by performing fast Fourier transform on a roughness curve of an outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate in an axial direction is 0.02 or greater and 0.10 or less, and the undercoat layer has a layer thickness of 10 m or greater.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer contains a binder resin and an electron transport material having a crystal density of 1.62 g/cm.sup.3 or greater, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a maximum intensity peak in an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured in a thickness direction is 5.0 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer that contains a charge transport material and a binder resin, in which the binder resin includes a polyester resin P.sub.A having an elastic deformation rate X.sub.A of 53.0% or greater and a polycarbonate resin P.sub.B having an elastic deformation rate X.sub.B that is less than the elastic deformation rate X.sub.A of the polyester resin P.sub.A by a range of 5% or greater and 12% or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer is a layer containing a charge transport material and a binder resin and having a breaking energy of 10 mJ/mm.sup.3 or greater, and an outer peripheral surface has a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.5 or greater and 1.0 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer that is provided on the undercoat layer, a charge transport layer that is provided on the charge generation layer and contains a polyester resin (1) having a dicarboxylic acid unit (A) represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B) and a charge transport material, and a surface protective layer that is provided on the charge transport layer and is a cured film with a composition containing a curing agent which contains at least one of a guanamine compound or a melamine compound, and at least one reactive group-containing charge transport material having at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, SH, and COOH,

##STR00001## in Formula (A), n.sup.1 represents 1, 2, or 3, n.sup.1 pieces of m.sup.1's each independently represent 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, m.sup.1 pieces of Ra.sup.1's each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, in Formula (B), Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, Rb.sup.3, Rb.sup.4, Rb.sup.5, Rb.sup.6, Rb.sup.7, Rb.sup.8, Rb.sup.9, and Rb.sup.10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

An electrophotographic apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposing unit that irradiates the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a developing unit, which includes toner, and which develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with the toner to form a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a monolayer type photosensitive layer containing a charge generating substance, a hole transporting substance, an electron transporting substance, and a binder resin. The photosensitive layer contains, as the binder resin, a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (2).

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