There is provided an optical structure having a quantization phase difference structure on one surface of a quantization phase difference structure layer, wherein in the quantization phase difference structure, a plurality of quantization projecting portions in a constant size and a plurality of quantization recessed portions in a constant size are aligned, wherein a multiple diffraction region has the quantization phase difference structure where ribbed projecting portions, in which the quantization projecting portions are aligned in one direction, are arranged adjacent to and alternately with groove-like recessed portions, in which the quantization recessed portions are aligned parallel to the ribbed projecting portions, and wherein the multiple diffraction region is a quantization phase difference structure configured to reproduce a plurality of reproduction points discrete in one direction and arranged regularly.

A light modulation element reproduces a light image in a specific color other than iridescence where white light is incident, without a layer that selectively transmits or reflects a specific wavelength band, and clearly reproduces a desired light image by reducing an influence of 0th-order diffracted light, and an information recording medium including the same. The light modulation element includes a factor element that reproduces a light image by modulating a phase of incident reproduction light, and has an uneven surface. A maximum diffraction efficiency Dmax in a wavelength band of between 380 nm and 780 nm in wavelength distribution of first-order diffracted light and of negative first-order diffracted light with respect to diffraction efficiency for the factor element has a local maximum value with a full width at half maximum FWHM of 200 nm or less in wavelength distribution with respect to diffraction efficiency having the maximum diffraction efficiency.

A holographic display device includes a display panel for emitting a first image light and a diffraction component on an optical path of the first image light. The first image light includes first and second colors of light. The diffraction component diffracts the first color light at a first diffraction efficiency and diffracts the second color light at a second diffraction efficiency. The first color light and the second color light after diffraction are mixed together in a second image light for generating holographic images. By emitting the first color light and the second color light in the first image light at the same grayscale value, a ratio of intensities of the first color light and the second color light becomes inversely proportional to a ratio of the first diffraction efficiency and the second diffraction efficiency.

A holographic display device includes a display panel for emitting a first image light and a diffraction component on an optical path of the first image light. The first image light includes first and second colors of light. The diffraction component diffracts the first color light at a first diffraction efficiency and diffracts the second color light at a second diffraction efficiency. The first color light and the second color light after diffraction are mixed together in a second image light for generating holographic images. By emitting the first color light and the second color light in the first image light at the same grayscale value, a ratio of intensities of the first color light and the second color light becomes inversely proportional to a ratio of the first diffraction efficiency and the second diffraction efficiency.

A three-dimensional (3D) display system includes a reference spatial light modulator configured to generate a reference wavefront. The system also includes an object spatial light modulator configured to generate an object wavefront. The system further includes a Hogel basis display positioned between the reference spatial light modulator and the object spatial light modulator. The Hogel basis display is configured to receive the reference wavefront and the object wavefront. The Hogel basis display is also configured to generate a light field based at least in part on interference between the reference spatial light modulator and the object spatial light modulator.

A lighting device for vehicles, in particular a signal light, with a light source for emitting a light beam and an optical unit associated with the light source for producing a predetermined light function, the optical unit having a holographic element and a lens arranged in the main emission direction in front of the holographic element, the holographic element comprising such a diffraction structure that the light beam emitted from the light source onto the holographic element is varied according to a predetermined illumination pattern such that the holographic light beam lights an illumination surface of the lens to generate the light function.

A lighting device for vehicles, in particular a signal light, with a light source for emitting a light beam and an optical unit associated with the light source for producing a predetermined light function, the optical unit having a holographic element and a lens arranged in the main emission direction in front of the holographic element, the holographic element comprising such a diffraction structure that the light beam emitted from the light source onto the holographic element is varied according to a predetermined illumination pattern such that the holographic light beam lights an illumination surface of the lens to generate the light function.

An optical waveguide is provided. The optical waveguide includes a base structure and a plurality of grating structures disposed at the base structure. The grating structures include a plurality of in-coupling grating structures configured to couple a plurality of lights into the optical waveguide. At least one of a grating period or a slant angle of a first in-coupling grating structure is different from at least one of a corresponding grating period or a corresponding slant angle of a second in-coupling grating structure. The grating structures also include a plurality of out-coupling grating structures configured to couple the lights out of the optical waveguide.

An integrated three-dimensional display includes a recording surface which includes a calculated element region in which phase components of light from light converging points of a holographic reconstructed image are calculated, and a phase angle recorded area for recording a phase angle calculated based on the phase components. The phase angle recorded area includes a plurality of monochromatic regions having a uneven structure surface. The phase angle is recorded in an overlap area in which the calculated element region and the phase angle recorded area overlap each other. Light converges on the light converging points at specific distances from the recording surface, the specific distances being determined for the respective light converging points even when light reflected from the plurality of monochromatic regions converges.

A diffractive optical element (10) for a test interferometer (100) measures a shape of an optical surface (102). Diffractive shape measuring structures (16) are arranged on a used surface (14) of the element and generate a test wave (122) irradiating the surface when the element is arranged in the interferometer. At least one test field (18) several profile properties of test structures contained in the test field. The profile properties characterize a profile line of the test structures extending transversely with respect to the used surface and include a flank angle of the profile line, a profile depth and a depth of a microtrench in a bottom region of a trench-shaped profile of the test structures. The test field is arranged at one location of the used surface instead of the diffractive shape measuring structures such that the test field is surrounded by several diffractive shape measuring structures.