A method for providing a thermal feedback. The method may include executing a virtual reality application providing a virtual space, the virtual space including a virtual area to which an area temperature attribute is assigned, and a virtual object to which an object temperature attribute is assigned; detecting an area event, the area event reflecting that a player character enters the virtual area; controlling a feedback device to output a thermal feedback associated to the area temperature attribute when it is determined that the area event occurs, the feedback device outputting the thermal feedback using a thermoelectric element performing a thermoelectric operation; detecting an object event, the object event reflecting that the player character is influenced by the virtual object; and controlling the feedback device to override the thermal feedback associated to the area temperature attribute and output a thermal feedback associated to the object temperature attribute when it is determined that the object event occurs while the player character is in the virtual area.

A method for providing a thermal feedback. The method may include executing a virtual reality application providing a virtual space, the virtual space including a virtual area to which an area temperature attribute is assigned, and a virtual object to which an object temperature attribute is assigned; detecting an area event, the area event reflecting that a player character enters the virtual area; controlling a feedback device to output a thermal feedback associated to the area temperature attribute when it is determined that the area event occurs, the feedback device outputting the thermal feedback using a thermoelectric element performing a thermoelectric operation; detecting an object event, the object event reflecting that the player character is influenced by the virtual object; and controlling the feedback device to override the thermal feedback associated to the area temperature attribute and output a thermal feedback associated to the object temperature attribute when it is determined that the object event occurs while the player character is in the virtual area.

A method for providing a thermal feedback, which is performed by a feedback device. The method includes: applying an operating power to a thermoelectric element to start a thermoelectric operation for outputting a thermal feedback; stopping the application of the operating power to terminate the thermoelectric operation; and when the application of the operating power is stopped, applying a buffering power to the thermoelectric element to reduce a temperature returning speed of a contact surface so that a thermal inversion illusion is prevented. The thermal inversion illusion is a sensation felt by the user when a temperature of the contact surface returns to an initial temperature due to the termination of the thermoelectric operation, the thermal inversion illusion being opposite to the outputted thermal feedback, and the feedback device comprises a heat outputting module which is provided as the thermoelectric element and performs the thermoelectric operation including at least one of a heat generating operation and a heat absorbing operation and the contact surface which is configured to contact with a body of a user and transmit a heat generated by the thermoelectric operation.

A method for providing a thermal feedback, which is performed by a feedback device. The method includes: applying an operating power to a thermoelectric element to start a thermoelectric operation for outputting a thermal feedback; stopping the application of the operating power to terminate the thermoelectric operation; and when the application of the operating power is stopped, applying a buffering power to the thermoelectric element to reduce a temperature returning speed of a contact surface so that a thermal inversion illusion is prevented. The thermal inversion illusion is a sensation felt by the user when a temperature of the contact surface returns to an initial temperature due to the termination of the thermoelectric operation, the thermal inversion illusion being opposite to the outputted thermal feedback, and the feedback device comprises a heat outputting module which is provided as the thermoelectric element and performs the thermoelectric operation including at least one of a heat generating operation and a heat absorbing operation and the contact surface which is configured to contact with a body of a user and transmit a heat generated by the thermoelectric operation.

A method of maintaining a fluid flow rate in a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC-R) system while maintaining superheat in the HVAC-R system at a desired level includes: continuously measuring an operating fluid temperature of the HVAC-R system, continuously calculating HVAC-R system superheat at a pre-determined rate, determining if the calculated HVAC-R system superheat is stable, measuring and recording the operating fluid pressure of the HVAC-R system each time the calculated HVAC-R system superheat is stable, recording an average operating fluid pressure each subsequent time the superheat is stable, calculating an output PWM according to the equation: Output PWM=(Flow Rate Component)+(Superheat Component), and reducing fluid flow through a metering valve in the HVAC-R system when an actual HVAC-R system PWM is greater than the calculated output HVAC-R system PWM by adjusting a PWM signal to a microvalve in the metering valve, and increasing fluid flow through the metering valve in the HVAC-R system when the actual HVAC-R system PWM is less than the calculated output HVAC-R system PWM by adjusting the PWM signal to the microvalve in the metering valve.

A method of maintaining a fluid flow rate in a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC-R) system while maintaining superheat in the HVAC-R system at a desired level includes: continuously measuring an operating fluid temperature of the HVAC-R system, continuously calculating HVAC-R system superheat at a pre-determined rate, determining if the calculated HVAC-R system superheat is stable, measuring and recording the operating fluid pressure of the HVAC-R system each time the calculated HVAC-R system superheat is stable, recording an average operating fluid pressure each subsequent time the superheat is stable, calculating an output PWM according to the equation: Output PWM=(Flow Rate Component)+(Superheat Component), and reducing fluid flow through a metering valve in the HVAC-R system when an actual HVAC-R system PWM is greater than the calculated output HVAC-R system PWM by adjusting a PWM signal to a microvalve in the metering valve, and increasing fluid flow through the metering valve in the HVAC-R system when the actual HVAC-R system PWM is less than the calculated output HVAC-R system PWM by adjusting the PWM signal to the microvalve in the metering valve.

A method for filling a tank with pressurized gaseous hydrogen from at least one source storage containing pressurized gaseous hydrogen at a first defined temperature and at a defined pressure higher than the pressure in the tank to be filled, in which hydrogen is transferred from the source storage to the tank by pressure balancing via a filling circuit having an upstream end linked to the source storage and a downstream end linked to the tank, and in which the at least one source storage exchanges heat with a member for heating the gas stored in the source storage, during at least a part of the transfer of hydrogen from the source storage to the tank, the gas contained in the source storage being heated to a second defined temperature that is higher than the first temperature.

An optical heating device for heating a substrate includes: a chamber for accommodating the substrate; a pair of transmissive windows disposed on the wall of the chamber, the transmissive window facing each other for allowing light for heating to enter inside the chamber; a support member for supporting the substrate to face each of the main surfaces of the substrate and the pair of transmissive windows each other; a plurality of LED elements for emitting light toward the substrate supported by the support member; a flash lamp for emitting light toward the substrate supported by the support member; and a first lighting control unit for controlling the lighting of the flash lamp after a predetermined time has elapsed since the time of lighting the LED elements.

An optical heating device for heating a substrate includes: a chamber for accommodating the substrate; a pair of transmissive windows disposed on the wall of the chamber, the transmissive window facing each other for allowing light for heating to enter inside the chamber; a support member for supporting the substrate to face each of the main surfaces of the substrate and the pair of transmissive windows each other; a plurality of LED elements for emitting light toward the substrate supported by the support member; a flash lamp for emitting light toward the substrate supported by the support member; and a first lighting control unit for controlling the lighting of the flash lamp after a predetermined time has elapsed since the time of lighting the LED elements.

A Peltier element control device includes a drive circuit, a voltage detector, and a control circuit. The drive circuit supplies a current to the Peltier element. The voltage detector detects a voltage value of a voltage applied to the Peltier element. The control circuit causes the drive circuit to supply a current of a predetermined constant value to the Peltier element, and causes the drive circuit to reduce a magnitude of the current supplied to the Peltier element in a case where a value related to the voltage value detected when the current of the predetermined constant value is supplied to the Peltier element increases.