The sensor includes a filter member including cells that trap PM in exhaust gas, electrode members arranged to face each other with the cell interposed and forming a capacitor, an electric heater that executes, when an amount of PM has accumulated in the cells, filter regeneration for combusting and removing the PM, a temperature sensor that acquires the temperature of the filter member, a storage unit that stores therein a reference temperature, which is the temperature of the filter member where the filter regeneration has been executed in a state in which PM is not flowing into the filter member, and estimation units that estimate a PM amount included in the exhaust gas based on (a) an electrostatic capacitance change amount between the electrode members during a regeneration interval and (b) a difference between the temperature acquired by the temperature sensor and the reference temperature during a filter regeneration interval.

An electronic temperature switch (10), comprises a measurement circuit (11) that measures temperature and generates an temperature signal corresponding to the sensed temperature; an evaluator circuit (12) that receives said temperature signal and compares said temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and generates an evaluation signal indicating when said temperature signal is between the lower temperature threshold value and an higher temperature threshold value; and a loading circuit (13) that in response to the evaluator circuit, generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value, and a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value.

A water-cooling thermal dissipating system includes an electronic device and a thermal dissipating device. The electronic device includes a computing module includes a computing unit releasing heat when operation. The thermal dissipating device includes a thermal conducting unit, a pump, a tank, a thermal exchanger, and a controlling module; the thermal conductive unit is attached to the computing unit for thermal conduction; the pump is coupled to the thermal conductive unit, the pump, the tank, and the thermal exchanger for pumping a cooling-liquid therethrough, such that the cooling liquid is allowed to flow into the thermal conductive unit for absorbing heat. The controlling module generates an abnormal signal when the thermal dissipating device is sensed to be in an abnormal state, and the computing module forces to shut down the electronic device after continually receiving the abnormal signal for a predetermined time.

According to one aspect, a system for controlling each control volume of a plurality of control volumes is provided. The system includes a plurality of sensors corresponding to the plurality of control volumes, and each sensors is configured to detect a temperature value of the control volume corresponding to the sensor, and generate a feedback signal for the control volume corresponding to the sensor based on the temperature value. The system further includes a primary controller configured to receive a set point temperature value for each control volume, receive the feedback signal for each control volume, execute a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control that is configured to determine a target set point temperature value for each control volume based on the set point temperature value for the control volume and the feedback signal for the control volume, and transmit the target set point temperature value for each control volume.

According to one aspect, a system for controlling each control volume of a plurality of control volumes is provided. The system includes a plurality of sensors corresponding to the plurality of control volumes, and each sensors is configured to detect a temperature value of the control volume corresponding to the sensor, and generate a feedback signal for the control volume corresponding to the sensor based on the temperature value. The system further includes a primary controller configured to receive a set point temperature value for each control volume, receive the feedback signal for each control volume, execute a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control that is configured to determine a target set point temperature value for each control volume based on the set point temperature value for the control volume and the feedback signal for the control volume, and transmit the target set point temperature value for each control volume.

An electronic thermostat control system may include a control duty determination portion outputting PWM duty signal for controlling the coolant temperature according to a coolant temperature, a rising rate of the coolant temperature, an engine speed, a load and a vehicle speed, a driving portion applying a time condition to the PWM duty signal output by the control duty determination portion for controlling outputting interval, and a fault diagnosis portion diagnosing operations of the electronic thermostat by analyzing the signals output by the driving portion and changes of the coolant temperature.

An electronic thermostat control system may include a control duty determination portion outputting PWM duty signal for controlling the coolant temperature according to a coolant temperature, a rising rate of the coolant temperature, an engine speed, a load and a vehicle speed, a driving portion applying a time condition to the PWM duty signal output by the control duty determination portion for controlling outputting interval, and a fault diagnosis portion diagnosing operations of the electronic thermostat by analyzing the signals output by the driving portion and changes of the coolant temperature.

A heater is provided that includes at least one resistive heating element having a material with a non-monotonic resistivity vs. temperature profile and exhibiting a negative dR/dT characteristic over a predetermined operating temperature range along the profile. The heater can include a plurality of circuits disposed in a fluid path to heat fluid flow.

The method of controlling an autonomous anti-icing apparatus includes: a first step of collecting and storing ice formation environment data; a second step of calculating a calculated value of an aerodynamic parameter based on the ice formation environment data and the ice formation prediction data in real time to determine whether ice formation is present on a surface of the structure and calculating a degree of ice formation through the calculated value of the aerodynamic parameter; and a third step of allowing a calculation control unit to send a temperature control signal, which includes a heating period signal, to a power supply so that an electric heating part is heated when the ice formation is determined by comparing the degree of ice formation with a preset value.

Disclosed are exemplary embodiments of apparatus and methods for remote testing of controllers such as thermostats, to detect incorrect climate control system configuration parameters. In an exemplary embodiment, a mobile device wirelessly connects with a remote thermostat and sends signal(s) to the thermostat instructing the thermostat to perform climate control function(s) in predefined sequence(s). The mobile device receives signal(s) from the thermostat indicating whether the thermostat is performing the climate control function(s) in accordance with the sent signal(s). Based on the signal(s) received from the thermostat, the mobile device determines whether the thermostat is configured with accurate climate control system configuration parameters.