Disclosed is a method of establishing and managing an inter-institution transaction system. The method comprises creating plurality of threads to constitute parallel fund transfer system, wherein each thread is a replica of single fund transfer system, and wherein plurality of threads are to be operated in parallel; assigning plurality of institutions to plurality of threads, wherein a given institution is assigned as a sending institution and/or a receiving institution of a financial transaction to at least one thread, and a given thread has at least one sending institution-receiving institution pair assigned thereto; assigning financial transactions to plurality of threads based at least on sending institution-receiving institution pairs assigned to plurality of threads; and processing financial transactions at their corresponding threads.

A computer-implemented method and apparatus are provided to reduce false fraudulent declines of transactions. Payment processor (PP) systems may be provided with a request acceptor and a replacement transaction generator. The request acceptor receives a notification of a decline of a first transaction attempted by a cardholder with a merchant, for allegedly fraudulent, and a request to determine whether the first transaction was falsely identified as fraudulent, and if so, to remedy the first transaction. The replacement transaction generator generates, in response to a determination that the first transaction was falsely identified as fraudulent, and the merchant is a false fraudulent reduction partner merchant, a replacement second transaction to replace the declined first transaction. The replacement second transaction may include a bypass authorization code, and made available to the cardholder to use to transact with the merchant bypassing the declined first transaction.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for block chain security schemes for electronic cash tokens are described herein.

There may be provided a computer-implemented method. It may be implemented using a blockchain such as, for example, the Bitcoin blockchain. The computer-implemented method includes: i) joining a congress by transferring, by a node operating in a proof-of-work blockchain network, one or more digital assets to a congress pool having one or more other digital assets associated with other members of a congress; ii) detecting, by the node, a special transaction of digital assets on the proof-of-work blockchain network to an address associated with the congress pool, the special transaction satisfying determined criteria; and iii) minting, by the node, one or more digital assets on a proof-of-stake blockchain network in response to detecting the special transaction.

Methods, devices, and a data structure for signalling Merkle proof data that includes an index position field for the position of the transaction within the ordered set of transactions within the block. The index enables computationally straight-forward determination of the left-hand/right-hand location of each calculated element when bottom-up tracing a Merkle path. Methods and devices for performing a Merkle proof using the index include at least one extended validity check within the Merkle proof process. In some instances, the extended validity check enables validation of transaction count for a block and/or a proof of index validity.

A diamond asset comprising one or more diamonds and an encryption chip is used to asset-back a cryptographic token that can be used to conduct transactions. The cryptographic token is written to a blockchain using a smart contract that is configured to enable a transaction associated with the token in response to two or more of: a signature by the encryption chip, a signature by the owner of the diamond asset, and a validation of a visual layout of the diamond asset.

The invention provides a secure method for exchanging entities via a blockchain. The invention incorporates tokenisation techniques, and also techniques for embedding metadata in a redeem script of a blockchain transaction. Embodiment(s) provide a method of: generating a first script, the first script comprising: a first set of metadata associated with a first invitation for the exchange of a first entity by a first user, the first set of metadata comprising an indication of the first entity to be offered for exchange and a first location condition for the exchange, a first user public key (P1A) associated with the first user, wherein the first user public key (P1A) is part of an asymmetric cryptographic pair comprising the first user public key (P1A) and a first user private key (V1A). The script may further comprise and a first third-party public key (P1T) associated with a first third-party, wherein the first third-party public key (P1T) is part of an asymmetric cryptographic pair comprising the first third-party public key (P1T) and a first third-party private key (V1T) The method further comprises the steps of hashing the first script to generate a first script hash and publishing the first script and the first script hash on a distributed hash table (DHT).

A method of initiating a transaction in a blockchain system includes receiving, by a processing device, biometric data associated with a first party of a transaction to be added to a block of a blockchain system. The method further includes providing the biometric data to a validation node of the blockchain system. The method further includes determining that the biometric data has been validated by the validation node. The method further includes, in response to determining that the biometric data has been validated, recording, by the processing device, the biometric data in the block of the blockchain system.

A blockchain payment channel is effected based on a series of spending transactions exchanged between parties, in which each transaction of the series of spending transactions has a future lock time, before which it cannot be committed to the blockchain, and comprises at least two spendable transaction outputs having respective digital asset values. At computer equipment of the party, a previous transaction of the series of spending transactions is received, and a function is applied to one or more function variables contained in the previous transaction to at least partially determine the current transaction. A portion of the current transaction is cryptographically signed, the signed portion comprising the at least two spendable transaction outputs, using a private key counterpart to the public key of the party, thereby computing a transaction signature for inclusion in the transaction input of the current transaction.

Provided is an operation method of a server relaying token exchange. The operation method includes receiving, from a first computing device, first token remittance information for remittance of a first token used in a first blockchain network; receiving, from a second computing device, second token remittance information for remittance of a second token used in a second blockchain network; determining whether exchange agreement coincides between the first token and the second token, based on the first token remittance information and the second token remittance information; and transmitting the first token remittance information to the second computing device and the second token remittance information to the first computing device when the exchange agreement is determined to coincide between the first and second tokens.