A computer-implemented method includes receiving a set of flashcards, each flashcard in the set having a first side and a second side, and classifying, using a first machine learning model, each flashcard of the set as either a Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) flashcard, a True/False flashcard, a Fill-In-The-Blank flashcard, a Pure Question flashcard, a Raw flashcard or a Solution flashcard. The method further includes determining a study direction for a flashcard from the set of flashcards by determining which one of the first side or the second side of the flashcard is a prompt side that is presented to a user prior to a response side. For the MCQ flashcard and the True/False flashcard, determining the study direction using a second machine learning model and for other flashcard type determining the study direction using a rule-based model.