A breadboard includes a panel having a top side and a bottom side, a first and second plurality of spaced component receiving openings extend through the top side surface and communicate with a larger first and second terminal receiving open surfaces extending from the bottom side surface which are configured to receive a first and second conductive terminals, respectively, and on a side of at least one of the first and second plurality of spaced openings in the top side surface is formed a raised surface and spanning a length approximate the larger terminal receiving open surfaces and parallel thereto and which forms part of the top side surface thereby defining a row of said plurality of spaced component receiving openings in which the conductive terminals lie.

A head-disk assembly device, mass spin-valve or gravitational rectifier and method of producing gravitomagnetic induction utilizing Nano-features fabricated on the surface of a hard disk is presented. The Nano-features may include Nano-bumps and Nano-pits. The device includes a computer hard disk, a piezoelectric glide head and/or a GMR read head, a typical hard drive's electronics, wherein defects are fabricated on the said disk using a Focused Ion Beam (FIB) by depositing requisite number of nanobumps of specified height, and etching equal number of nanopits of specified depth a few mils or mm apart on a pre-decided radius. By spinning the said nano-features disk produce (1) an associated mechanical force utilizing a piezoelectric glide head and/or (2) an associated magnetic force utilizing a GMR read head for (a) general use in surface characterization work and (b) for producing power by the presence or the absence of matter on a spinning disk.

In accordance with the various embodiments disclosed herein, an improved electrical connector footprints, such as printed circuit boards (printed circuit board), is described comprising one or more of, for example, a first linear array containing at least a first anti-pad extending along a first direction, a first electrical signal trace extending along the first direction and spaced from the first linear array along a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction, a group of ground isolation vias containing at least one electrically conductive ground via arranged along a line extending parallel to the first direction and spaced from the first electrical signal trace along the second direction, and a second linear array containing at least a second anti-pad extending along the first direction spaced from the group of ground isolation vias along the second direction.

Electrical connectors, electrical modules, and systems are provided. In one aspect, an electrical connector includes a housing defining a side surface, an electrical conductor supported by the housing and including an engagement portion proximate the side surface of the housing. The engagement portion is adapted to engage another electrical conductor of another electrical connector. The connector also includes a magnet supported by the housing proximate the side surface of the housing, a projection extending from the side surface of the housing, and a receptacle defined in the side surface of the housing. In other aspects, an electrical module includes at least one of these electrical connectors. In further aspects, a system includes a plurality of these modules and the modules are selectively couplable together.

Systems and methods for educational electronics devices such as may be assembled by non-manufacturer builders, including by personal or hobbyist individuals and by groups such as clubs or classes. Methods and systems relate to Surface Mount Device (SMD) use, measurement systems, communications skill acquisition, physical construction of educational electronics, builder construction/configuration and maintenance of devices, subsystem componentry designed for effective use in educational electronics, circuit designs that permit individual builders to construct professional quality devices, and cognitively adapted methods and systems to optimize learning and performance during and after builder assembly.

Systems and methods for educational electronics devices such as may be assembled by non-manufacturer builders, including by personal or hobbyist individuals and by groups such as clubs or classes. Methods and systems relate to Surface Mount Device (SMD) use, measurement systems, communications skill acquisition, physical construction of educational electronics, builder construction/configuration and maintenance of devices, subsystem componentry designed for effective use in educational electronics, circuit designs that permit individual builders to construct professional quality devices, and cognitively adapted methods and systems to optimize learning and performance during and after builder assembly.

The uniqueness of the presented invention is a biofidelic, metamaterial structured, integrated with wireless sensors, modular, reusable, and anatomically accurate human surrogate (for both male and female) designed for testing and evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE), and blast environments. Structured with metamaterials, the surrogate demonstrates a biofidelic response to blast overpressure. Metamaterials tailored for blast applications manipulate properties such as wave speed, acoustic impedance, and frequency response to match human tissues with minimized complexity. Incorporating technology from wearable blast sensors, the Blast Overpressure Body (BOB) provides high-resolution, high sampling rate, and time-synchronized simulated human blast data. Its modular design allows for easy replacement of damaged parts, alternative testing scenarios, and enhanced biofidelity, increasing flexibility and reusability. The BOB is a tool for testing, evaluating, and developing PPE and weapon systems, and for research, surveillance, and mitigation of blast exposure in military, industrial, civilian, and law enforcement contexts.

A versatile Logic teaching system comprising a plurality of interchangeable functional tile units representing binary values representing various logic functions and connector tiles linking the functional tile units. In use, functional tile units and connector tiles can be arranged to create logical circuit pathways representative of real-world scenarios. Construction of logical circuit pathways can follow one or more rules and a scoring system to engage users.

Technical solutions are directed to creation and deployment of multi-stage test problems. A processor can provide, to a client, a first data structure for a first stage of a multi-stage test problem including a description for generation of a client solution for the first stage and a test case to evaluate the client solution. The processor can receive, from the client, a client data structure comprising the client solution including a client computer code generated at the client for the first stage. The processor can determine, by evaluating the client solution using an input value and an output value of the test case, that the output of the client solution satisfies a validity condition of the output value. The processor can provide, to the client, based on satisfying the validity condition, a second data structures for a second stage of the multi-stage test problem.

Technical solutions are directed to generating annotated timelines of a client solution generation. A processor can identify computer code entries for a test problem client solution created at a client. Each of the entries can have a portion of the computer code associated with a timestamp. The processor can apply a filter to the entries to select a subset of entries using a difference between a first timestamp of each entry and a second timestamp of a preceding entry satisfying a time selection criteria, or a difference between a first portion of the computer code of the entry and a second portion of the computer code of a preceding entry satisfying a code selection criteria. The processor can generate a timeline of events indicating actions at the client device during creation of the computer code for the client solution and provide the timeline for display.