A method for the simulation of a propagation of electromagnetic beams, in particular light beams, is revealed, comprising the following steps of parametric specification of a first beam relative to a first boundary layer, specification of a first material into which the first beam should propagate after the first boundary layer, and determination of a reflection and/or transmission of the first beam relative to the first boundary layer on the basis of the first material and on the basis of a first model, wherein the first model comprises one or more functions which associate one or more reflection and/or transmission parameters with the first beam, and wherein the reflection and/or transmission parameter(s) associated with the first beam via the functions are determined.

A method for the simulation of a propagation of electromagnetic beams, in particular light beams, is revealed, comprising the following steps of parametric specification of a first beam relative to a first boundary layer, specification of a first material into which the first beam should propagate after the first boundary layer, and determination of a reflection and/or transmission of the first beam relative to the first boundary layer on the basis of the first material and on the basis of a first model, wherein the first model comprises one or more functions which associate one or more reflection and/or transmission parameters with the first beam, and wherein the reflection and/or transmission parameter(s) associated with the first beam via the functions are determined.

Disclosed is a simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation. An electron gun cavity is connected with a front end of a gas cavity. An electron gun is used for emitting electrons and injecting the electrons into the gas cavity. The electrons collide with gas molecules in the gas cavity to ionize and excite the gas molecules. According to the miniaturized simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation, the device can realize an ionization excitation experiment of high-energy electrons on neutral gas and generate a series of optical radiation phenomena in special scenes. In addition, with the aid of optical observation equipment, optical radiation signals of ionized neutral gas can be obtained, so that radiation laws under different incident electron energies, different radiation intensities and different atmospheric components can be further obtained.

Disclosed is a simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation. An electron gun cavity is connected with a front end of a gas cavity. An electron gun is used for emitting electrons and injecting the electrons into the gas cavity. The electrons collide with gas molecules in the gas cavity to ionize and excite the gas molecules. According to the miniaturized simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation, the device can realize an ionization excitation experiment of high-energy electrons on neutral gas and generate a series of optical radiation phenomena in special scenes. In addition, with the aid of optical observation equipment, optical radiation signals of ionized neutral gas can be obtained, so that radiation laws under different incident electron energies, different radiation intensities and different atmospheric components can be further obtained.

A programmable device configured for education and entertainment is described. In one embodiment, the programmable device includes a circuit board with a magnetic reed switch and a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), speakers, and other electronic components. In one embodiment, the magnetic reed switch is configured to activate one or more modes of the programmable device. The LEDs is configured to display a pattern of light. The speakers are configured to emit audio. In one embodiment, the programmable device includes a polymer disk with a cylindrical receptacle to connect the programmable device to the polymer disk.

A programmable device configured for education and entertainment is described. In one embodiment, the programmable device includes a circuit board with a magnetic reed switch and a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), speakers, and other electronic components. In one embodiment, the magnetic reed switch is configured to activate one or more modes of the programmable device. The LEDs is configured to display a pattern of light. The speakers are configured to emit audio. In one embodiment, the programmable device includes a polymer disk with a cylindrical receptacle to connect the programmable device to the polymer disk.

An ophthalmological teaching aid includes a shell having an outer surface, an interior, a student region with a viewing window, and an observation target in the interior of the shell. The observation target is positioned to be visible to a viewer looking through the viewing window and has at least one feature residing at a feature location. The teaching aid also includes an instructor region spatially corresponding to at least a portion of the observation target. The teaching aid includes a landmark corresponding to the feature location. The presence of the landmark enables the instructor to assess a student's skill in using an ophthalmoscope.

An ophthalmological teaching aid includes a shell having an outer surface, an interior, a student region with a viewing window, and an observation target in the interior of the shell. The observation target is positioned to be visible to a viewer looking through the viewing window and has at least one feature residing at a feature location. The teaching aid also includes an instructor region spatially corresponding to at least a portion of the observation target. The teaching aid includes a landmark corresponding to the feature location. The presence of the landmark enables the instructor to assess a student's skill in using an ophthalmoscope.

Light-sensitive photochromic contact lens demonstration devices and related methods are disclosed. To provide for the convenient and efficient demonstration of a photochromic contact lens change, the demonstration device includes a controllable lighting-emitting device to expose a demonstrated photochromic contact lens to UltraViolet (UV) and/or High-Energy Visible (HEV) light to cause a photochromic contact lens to change from a non-darkened to darkened state. The demonstration device also includes a viewing window that allows viewing of the contact lens changing from a non-darkened to darkened state as a result of exposure to UV/HEV light and back to a non-darkened state when the light is removed. Further, the photochromic contact lens demonstration device can also include an optional heating circuit to heat the photochromic contact lens during demonstration to cause the photochromic contact lens to change from a darkened state back to a non-darkened state more quickly.

A model for simulating surgery upon the eye has a posterior and an anterior segment. The posterior segment includes structures corresponding to those of the eye, including a hollow globe and an image of the fundus positioned upon an interior, posterior portion of the globe. A mating portion is peripherally formed about an open end of the globe. The anterior segment also includes structures corresponding to those of the eye, including a translucent lens, and another mating portion peripherally formed about a posterior portion of the anterior segment. The mating portions of the posterior and anterior segments releasably connect the posterior and anterior segments. A vitreous substitute material can be added into the posterior segment and is sealed within when the anterior segment is attached.