A scalar particle conversion apparatus, system and method are disclosed. The apparatus includes an anode and a crystalline cathode disposed within an electrolytic fluid or gas. A voltage source is configured to generate a current between the anode and the cathode and one or more components within the electrolytic fluid or gas are loaded into the crystalline cathode. The crystalline cathode generates photons through the interaction between a scalar particle flow and oscillating magnetic hyperfine fields within the crystalline cathode via the inverse Primakoff effect. One or more energy conversion devices are arranged with respect to the crystalline cathode so as to convert the photons or heat from the crystalline cathode to an electrical output.

A tokamak plasma vessel. The tokamak plasma vessel comprises a toroidal plasma chamber, a plurality of poloidal field coils, an upper divertor assembly, and a lower divertor assembly. The plurality of poloidal field coils are configured to provide a poloidal magnetic field having a substantially symmetric plasma core and an upper and lower null, such that ions in a scrape off lay outside the plasma core are directed by the magnetic field past one of the upper and lower nulls to divertor surfaces of the respective upper and lower divertor assembly. Each of the upper and lower divertor assembly comprises a liquid metal inlet and a liquid metal outlet located below the liquid metal inlet. Each of the upper and lower divertor assembly is configured such that in use liquid metal flows from the liquid metal inlet to the liquid metal outlet over at least one divertor surface of the divertor assembly.

A tokamak plasma vessel. The tokamak plasma vessel comprises a toroidal plasma chamber, a plurality of poloidal field coils, an upper divertor assembly, and a lower divertor assembly. The plurality of poloidal field coils are configured to provide a poloidal magnetic field having a substantially symmetric plasma core and an upper and lower null, such that ions in a scrape off lay outside the plasma core are directed by the magnetic field past one of the upper and lower nulls to divertor surfaces of the respective upper and lower divertor assembly. Each of the upper and lower divertor assembly comprises a liquid metal inlet and a liquid metal outlet located below the liquid metal inlet. Each of the upper and lower divertor assembly is configured such that in use liquid metal flows from the liquid metal inlet to the liquid metal outlet over at least one divertor surface of the divertor assembly.

The invention relates to a method for eliminating neutrons from fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions in a reactor, in particular in a laser-driven nuclear fusion reactor which operates with hydrogen and the boron-11 isotope, in which method at least some moderated neutrons are made to undergo a nuclear reaction with tin. As a result of the nuclear reactions with tin, the neutrons convert the tin nuclei into stable nuclei having a higher atomic weight resulting from neutron capture. The invention also relates to a reactor which is designed for energy conversion by means of fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions and for generating electric energy, wherein the reactor contains a neutron elimination device which contains tin and is arranged such that at least some moderated neutrons are made to undergo a nuclear reaction with the tin.

The invention relates to a method for eliminating neutrons from fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions in a reactor, in particular in a laser-driven nuclear fusion reactor which operates with hydrogen and the boron-11 isotope, in which method at least some moderated neutrons are made to undergo a nuclear reaction with tin. As a result of the nuclear reactions with tin, the neutrons convert the tin nuclei into stable nuclei having a higher atomic weight resulting from neutron capture. The invention also relates to a reactor which is designed for energy conversion by means of fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions and for generating electric energy, wherein the reactor contains a neutron elimination device which contains tin and is arranged such that at least some moderated neutrons are made to undergo a nuclear reaction with the tin.

A toroidally confined plasma vessel with a substantially symmetric magnetically confined plasma region where a plurality of magnetic field coils are configured to provide at least one X-point, and to guide plasma particles from the magnetically confined region to the divertor target; and wherein the total magnetic field strength (comprising all components of the magnetic field) at the divertor target is lower than the total magnetic field strength (comprising all components of the magnetic field) of a position in the SOL between the divertor target and X-point on the last closed flux surface that is nearest to it. When the mean free path of the neutrals is longer than the width of the SOL, one can separate the two critical functions: a) withstanding high-heat flux, and b) pumping of plasma particles to maintain a low density.

A compact, simpler, more economical ICF target chamber and reactor design that maintains a low internal pressure, sub-atmospheric, and very small neutron flux on any pressure bearing vessel or steam generating mechanism. The present invention reduces radiant target emission towards the nearest wall of the hohlraum wall and/or sleeve material so that the radiation from target burn exits the end of the hohlraum through a wall material sufficiently thick to contain the target drive radiation, but becomes transparent to the target emitted radiation. The compact converter contains the energy released by the ICF target and converts it into usable heat to create steam. It also converts the excess neutrons, from the ICF target, into tritium. This is then collected with the unburnt fuel tritium.

A breeder blanket for generating tritium using neutrons produced by nuclear fusion of deuterium and/or tritium within a plasma confined within a fusion reactor. The breeder blanket comprises: a plasma-facing first wall; a breeder layer comprising lithium containing material for generating tritium from the neutrons; and neutron moderator material comprising metal hydride and/or deuteride arranged between the first wall and the lithium-containing material.

A breeder blanket for generating tritium using neutrons produced by nuclear fusion of deuterium and/or tritium within a plasma confined within a fusion reactor. The breeder blanket comprises: a plasma-facing first wall; a breeder layer comprising lithium containing material for generating tritium from the neutrons; and neutron moderator material comprising metal hydride and/or deuteride arranged between the first wall and the lithium-containing material.

According to various embodiments, an FRC fusion reactor is disclosed. The FRC fusion reactor includes a main chamber containing an FRC core and an energy and ash removal shell (EARS). The FRC fusion reactor further includes at least one divertor chamber connected to the main chamber via a divertor throat. The divertor chamber includes a plasma extruder positioned on a major axis of the FRC fusion reactor and a controllable distance along the major axis from the divertor throat. The plasma extruder has a diameter approximately ½ a diameter of the divertor throat and is configured to block plasma flow towards the FRC core to create a gap region between the FRC core and the EARS.