A method of manufacturing a semiconductor ICF target is described. On an n-type silicon wafer a plurality of hard mask layers are etched to a desired via pattern. Then isotropically etching hemispherical cavities, lithographically patterning the hard mask layers, conformally depositing ablator/drive material(s) and shell layer material(s), inserting hollow silicon dioxide fuel spheres in the hemisphere cavities, thermally bonding a mating wafer with matching hemisphere cavities and etching in ethylene diamine-pryrocatechol-water mixture to selectively remove n-type silicon and liberate the spherical targets.

A method of manufacturing a semiconductor ICF target is described. On an n-type silicon wafer a plurality of hard mask layers are etched to a desired via pattern. Then isotropically etching hemispherical cavities, lithographically patterning the hard mask layers, conformally depositing ablator/drive material(s) and shell layer material(s), inserting hollow silicon dioxide fuel spheres in the hemisphere cavities, thermally bonding a mating wafer with matching hemisphere cavities and etching in ethylene diamine-pryrocatechol-water mixture to selectively remove n-type silicon and liberate the spherical targets.

A confinement chamber for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) may include a closed hohlraum and ICF target wherein the ICF target may comprise a central spherical fuel region, inner shell, outer fuel region, outer shell, and propellant region. A multitude of cylindrical beam channels may penetrate the entire thickness of the hohlraum. At the end of each cylindrical beam channel, where they exit the hohlraum, is a hemispherical cavity. Centered in the curvature of each cavity, and coaxial with each beam channel is a gold foam radiator. By layering materials or grading the density of a material in the propellant region of the closed hohlraum ICF target, the pressure profile on the outer shell may be tailored.

A confinement chamber for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) may include a closed hohlraum and ICF target wherein the ICF target may comprise a central spherical fuel region, inner shell, outer fuel region, outer shell, and propellant region. A multitude of cylindrical beam channels may penetrate the entire thickness of the hohlraum. At the end of each cylindrical beam channel, where they exit the hohlraum, is a hemispherical cavity. Centered in the curvature of each cavity, and coaxial with each beam channel is a gold foam radiator. By layering materials or grading the density of a material in the propellant region of the closed hohlraum ICF target, the pressure profile on the outer shell may be tailored.

Application of axial seed magnetic fields in the range 20-100 T that compress to greater than 10,000 T (100 MG) under typical NIF implosion conditions may significantly relax the conditions required for ignition and propagating burn in NIF ignition targets that are degraded by hydrodynamic instabilities. Such magnetic fields can: (a) permit the recovery of ignition, or at least significant alpha particle heating, in submarginal NIF targets that would otherwise fail because of adverse hydrodynamic instability growth, (b) permit the attainment of ignition in conventional cryogenic layered solid-DT targets redesigned to operate under reduced drive conditions, (c) permit the attainment of volumetric ignition in simpler, room-temperature single-shell DT gas capsules, and (d) ameliorate adverse hohlraum plasma conditions during laser drive and capsule compression. In general, an applied magnetic field should always improve the ignition condition for any NIF ignition target design.

A breeder blanket for generating tritium using neutrons produced by nuclear fusion of deuterium and/or tritium within a plasma confined within a fusion reactor. The breeder blanket comprises: a plasma-facing first wall; a breeder layer comprising lithium containing material for generating tritium from the neutrons; and neutron moderator material comprising metal hydride and/or deuteride arranged between the first wall and the lithium-containing material.

A breeder blanket for generating tritium using neutrons produced by nuclear fusion of deuterium and/or tritium within a plasma confined within a fusion reactor. The breeder blanket comprises: a plasma-facing first wall; a breeder layer comprising lithium containing material for generating tritium from the neutrons; and neutron moderator material comprising metal hydride and/or deuteride arranged between the first wall and the lithium-containing material.

A computer implemented method for optimizing energy transfer and conversion in quantum systems and conversion in quantum systems including providing a database of input variables, modeling an intial crystal structure of the lattice sample at a first set of environmental parameters, adding a dopant and determining a new equilibrium state of the lattice sample at a second set of environmental parameters, estimating state transition rates in the absence of any strong coupling to a second quantum system, determining presence of any coupling and coupling strength to the second quantum system, providing coherent stimulation of the lattice sample, determining presence of coupling and enhancement of coupling strength after coherent stimulation, determining energy transfer and conversion dynamics as a result of coherent stimulation and the enhanced coupling and determining output variable of the energy transfer and conversion dynamics between the first quantum system and the second quantum system in the lattice sample via a computing engine.

A computer implemented method for optimizing energy transfer and conversion in quantum systems and conversion in quantum systems including providing a database of input variables, modeling an intial crystal structure of the lattice sample at a first set of environmental parameters, adding a dopant and determining a new equilibrium state of the lattice sample at a second set of environmental parameters, estimating state transition rates in the absence of any strong coupling to a second quantum system, determining presence of any coupling and coupling strength to the second quantum system, providing coherent stimulation of the lattice sample, determining presence of coupling and enhancement of coupling strength after coherent stimulation, determining energy transfer and conversion dynamics as a result of coherent stimulation and the enhanced coupling and determining output variable of the energy transfer and conversion dynamics between the first quantum system and the second quantum system in the lattice sample via a computing engine.

An explosive mixture compositionally comprises a powdered deuteride of an alkaline earth metal or alkali metal mixed with a catalytic mixture, wherein said catalytic mixture comprises red phosphorous powder and a transition metal powder from Period 4 or Period 5 of the Periodic table.