Provided herein is a method for fabricating a heat source for a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The method may include reducing a particle size in a strontium compound by powdering and sieving the strontium compound and/or dissolving the strontium compound into an aqueous solution; mixing the strontium compound with graphite to obtain a strontium-graphite mixture; performing a press to the strontium-graphite mixture; and encapsulating the pressed strontium-graphite mixture into an x-ray shielding to obtain the heat source.

A structure—for use in simulating radioactive contamination environments—comprises fragments encapsulated within a substrate material. The fragments comprise radioactive isotopes with moderate half-lives. To form such structures, the fragments are encapsulated within the at least one substrate material. In a method of simulating a radioactive contamination environment, multiple removable structures, such as the aforementioned structures, are selectively placed in a facility, and may be subsequently removed, stored, and reused.

A structure—for use in simulating radioactive contamination environments—comprises fragments encapsulated within a substrate material. The fragments comprise radioactive isotopes with moderate half-lives. To form such structures, the fragments are encapsulated within the at least one substrate material. In a method of simulating a radioactive contamination environment, multiple removable structures, such as the aforementioned structures, are selectively placed in a facility, and may be subsequently removed, stored, and reused.

The present technology is directed to barium-133 (“Ba-133”) based standards that simulate expected energy emissions of iodine-131 (“I-131”), and thus can be used to calibrate radioactivity measuring instruments (e.g., dose calibrators) used to measure the radioactivity of I-131 drug products. The Ba-133 standards can be manufactured in geometries typical of those used to administer I-131 drug products, including, for example, as a capsule, a syringe, a vial, etc.

The present technology is directed to barium-133 (“Ba-133”) based standards that simulate expected energy emissions of iodine-131 (“I-131”), and thus can be used to calibrate radioactivity measuring instruments (e.g., dose calibrators) used to measure the radioactivity of I-131 drug products. The Ba-133 standards can be manufactured in geometries typical of those used to administer I-131 drug products, including, for example, as a capsule, a syringe, a vial, etc.

A radioactive fine particle manufacturing system and method to manufacture physically stable radioactive fine particles, and which enables performance evaluation of a radioactivity measuring instrument employing a physical indicator, by controlling radioactivity concentration, and facilitating performance evaluation of the overall radioactivity measuring instrument. The radioactive fine particle manufacturing system includes a radioactive gas generating system, a specific particle-sized aerosol generating system and a mixing chamber, to manufacture radioactive fine particles employing natural radioactive nuclides, and uses. .sup.220Rn to manufacture radioactive fine particles using physically stable progeny nuclides. In the mixing chamber, the progeny nuclides are caused to attach only to an aerosol having a specific particle size, to generate radioactive fine particles having a specific particle size.

A radioactive fine particle manufacturing system and method to manufacture physically stable radioactive fine particles, and which enables performance evaluation of a radioactivity measuring instrument employing a physical indicator, by controlling radioactivity concentration, and facilitating performance evaluation of the overall radioactivity measuring instrument. The radioactive fine particle manufacturing system includes a radioactive gas generating system, a specific particle-sized aerosol generating system and a mixing chamber, to manufacture radioactive fine particles employing natural radioactive nuclides, and uses. .sup.220Rn to manufacture radioactive fine particles using physically stable progeny nuclides. In the mixing chamber, the progeny nuclides are caused to attach only to an aerosol having a specific particle size, to generate radioactive fine particles having a specific particle size.

An irradiation target is formed into a sphere. The spherical irradiation target can be iridium metal containing natural or enriched iridium. The radiation source can be manufactured by manufacturing a spherical irradiation target, accommodating the spherical irradiation target in a rotating capsule, and rotating an axial flow impeller by a downward flow of a reactor primary coolant, whereby the rotating capsule is rotated. This radiation source provides an improved nondestructive inspection image having a high geometric resolution, and has no radiation source anisotropy and also has high target recyclability.

An irradiation target is formed into a sphere. The spherical irradiation target can be iridium metal containing natural or enriched iridium. The radiation source can be manufactured by manufacturing a spherical irradiation target, accommodating the spherical irradiation target in a rotating capsule, and rotating an axial flow impeller by a downward flow of a reactor primary coolant, whereby the rotating capsule is rotated. This radiation source provides an improved nondestructive inspection image having a high geometric resolution, and has no radiation source anisotropy and also has high target recyclability.

A gamma ray generator includes a rotational shaft, a plurality of holders and a plurality of gamma ray sources. The holders are connected to the rotational shaft. The gamma ray sources are disposed in the holders respectively, wherein the holders respectively have an upper portion and a lower portion connecting to the upper portion, and the gamma ray source is placed at an interface between the upper portion and the lower portion.