Methods of accurately estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure, such as the UV Index, and sensors adapted for the same.

A photodetector includes: an upper case including a light receiving portion on an upper surface and a side portion extending downward from the light receiving portion; a printed circuit board facing the light receiving portion; and a lower case including a support portion configured to support the printed circuit board, an opening on one side surface and configured to allow a connector to be inserted therethrough, and a hook on another side surface. The lower case is fitted to the upper case such that at least the printed circuit board and the support portion are surrounded. The upper case has a cut portion configured to prevent interference with the hook when being attached. At least part of the side portion adjacent to the cut portion and on a side of the opening extends up to a lower side of the opening.

Described herein is a method and a device for monitoring radiation emitted by a radiation emitting element of a thermal radiation source within the visible and the infrared spectral ranges, specifically for determining an emission spectrum of the thermal radiation source. The method includes the following steps: a) providing a thermal radiation source including a radiation emitting element; b) providing at least one radiation sensitive element; c) measuring a spectral radiance of the radiation emitted by the radiation emitting element at at least two individual wavelengths; and d) determining an emission temperature of the radiation emitting element by providing a ratio of the measured values of the spectral radiance of the radiation at the at least two individual wavelengths.

A system and method are provided for forming body structures including energy filters/shutter components, including energy/light directing/scattering layers that are actively electrically switchable. The filters or components are operable between at least a first mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the shutter components, appear substantially transparent when viewed from an energy/light incident side, and a second mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the energy filters or shutter components, appear opaque to the incident energy impinging on the energy incident side. The differing modes are selectable by electrically energizing, differentially energizing and/or de-energizing electric fields in a vicinity of the energy scattering layers, including electric fields generated between a pair of transparent electrodes sandwiching an energy scattering layer. Refractive indices of transparent particles, and the transparent matrices in which the particles are fixed, are tunable according to the applied electric fields.

A highly functional photoelectric conversion element is provided. The photoelectric conversion element includes: a first photoelectric converter that detects light in a first wavelength range and photoelectrically converts the light; a second photoelectric converter that detects light in a second wavelength range and photoelectrically converts the light to obtain distance information of a subject; and an optical filter that is disposed between the first photoelectric converter and the second photoelectric converter, and allows the light in the second wavelength range to pass therethrough more easily than the light in the first wavelength range. The first photoelectric converter includes a stacked structure and an electric charge accumulation electrode. The stacked structure includes a first electrode, a first photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode that are stacked in order, and the electric charge accumulation electrode is disposed to be separated from the first electrode and be opposed to the first photoelectric conversion layer with an insulating layer interposed therebetween.

A method for calculating a rate of UV radiation absorbed by a user's skin including: capturing image data of an area of the user's skin; determining a skin tone of the user's skin based on the captured image data; calculating a rate of UV radiation absorption for the determined skin tone; measuring an amount of UV radiation exposed to the user's skin; and calculating a rate of UV radiation that would be absorbed by the user's skin based on the user's skin tone and the amount of UV radiation exposed to the user's skin. The method can further comprise calculating an amount of time that the user can be exposed to the amount of UV radiation exposed to the user's skin based on predetermined criteria. The predetermined criteria can at least include an SPF level of sunscreen applied to the user's skin.

The present invention provides a meter and method of use for measuring an optical attenuation coefficient in a liquid medium. In operation, a collimated beam, produced by a laser of the attenuation meter apparatus, propagates thru the liquid medium with filtered back-scattered light arriving at a camera of the meter. A light image is formed at a focal plane of the camera. The light image is recorded and analyzed by a microcomputer to provide optical beam attenuations coefficients.

The present disclosure provides a near-infrared absorbing filter, including an absorbing type infrared filtering medium having opposite first and second surfaces; an organic coating layer formed on the first surface of the absorbing type filtering medium for absorbing infrared rays; a first multi-layered film structure formed on the organic coating layer with the organic coating layer disposed between the first multi-layered film structure and the absorbing type infrared filtering medium; and a second multi-layered film structure formed on the second surface of the absorbing type infrared filtering medium. The near-infrared filter of the present disclosure is able to reduce the wavelength difference of T50 and T20 of the incident light within the range of from 0 to 30 degrees to less than 5 nm, thereby reducing chromatic aberration effectively and reducing ghost images of infrared reflections. The disclosure further provides an image sensor including the near-infrared absorbing filter.

A laser scanner which includes a transmission subsystem and a reception subsystem. The transmission subsystem includes a light source which emits a light beam and a scanning mirror rotatable about an axis which reflects the light beam toward a scanning area and which directs return light from objects toward the reception subsystem. The reception system may include a collecting mirror dimensioned and positioned to receive the return light from the scanning mirror. The reception system may also include a dichroic or interference filter disposed between the collecting mirror and the scanning mirror. The interference filter filters the return light from the scanning mirror and provides the filtered return light to the collecting mirror. The reception subsystem also includes a light detector disposed between the interference filter and the collecting mirror, in operation the light detector receives the filtered return light reflected from the collecting mirror.

A laser scanner which includes a light source which emits a light beam and a scanning mirror rotatable about an axis which reflects the light beam through a tilted protective window toward a scanning area and which directs return light from objects toward receiving optics. The laser scanner may include a collecting mirror which receives the return light, and an interference filter disposed between the collecting mirror and the scanning mirror. The window may include an anti-reflective coating which reduces reflection of internally scattered light. The tilted window may direct the reflective component of internally scattered light into a zone where an energy light absorber is present. A bulkhead system which may include a separation baffle may be provided to prevent light incident on the interference filter at an angle which is below an acceptance angle of the interference filter.