A barristor-based photodetector is disclosed. The photodetector according to an embodiment comprises: a substrate; a gate electrode which is laminated on the substrate; a first electrode and a second electrode which are laminated on the substrate and spaced apart from the gate electrode; a graphene layer which is formed between the substrate and the second electrode and extends toward the first electrode; and a gate insulating layer which is formed between the gate electrode and the graphene layer.

A computer numerically controlled machine may include a source of electromagnetic energy. A beam of electromagnetic energy from the source may be delivered to a destination such as, for example, a material positioned in a working area of the computer numerically controlled machine. The beam of electromagnetic energy may be susceptible to interferences while traveling from the source to the destination. The computer numerically controlled machine may include a beam detector configured detect an interference of the beam by measuring a power of the beam of electromagnetic energy at a location between the source and the destination. An interference of the beam may be detected if the power of the beam is less than a threshold value. A controller at the computer numerically controlled machine may perform one or more actions in response to the beam detector detecting the interference of the beam of electromagnetic energy.

A semiconductor device comprising a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements arrayed on a substrate, a readout unit configured to read out signals from the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements, and a light source unit driver configured to drive a light source unit, wherein the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements include a first element configured to receive incident light and a second element configured to be shielded from the incident light, and the light source unit driver drives the light source based on both a signal from the first element and a signal from the second element read out by the readout unit.

A light sensor having an adaptively controlled gain includes a photoelectric element, an operational amplifier, a comparator, an adaptive gain control circuit, a variable capacitor and a pulse accumulator circuit. The photoelectric element converts light energy into a photocurrent. The operational amplifier outputs an error amplified signal based on a gain multiplied by a voltage difference between an input voltage and a reference voltage. The comparator compares the error amplified signal with a voltage of a reference voltage source to output a comparison signal. The adaptive gain control circuit includes a pulse detector circuit and a gain control circuit. The pulse detector circuit detects the comparison signal and a clock signal to output a pulse detected signal. The adaptive gain control circuit outputs a capacitance modulating signal according to the pulse detected signal. A capacitance of the variable capacitor is modulated according to the capacitance modulating signal.

An optical measuring device includes an integrator formed with an incident opening on which excitation light is to be incident and an exit opening from which measurement light is to exit, a light guide unit for guiding the measurement light that exits from the exit opening, and a light detecting unit for detecting the measurement light guided by the light guide unit. The light guide unit includes a plurality of light guide members arranged so that incident end surfaces of the light guide members face the inside of the integrator through the exit opening. The light detecting unit detects the measurement light that is guided by at least one of the plurality of light guide members. Light-receiving regions of the plurality of light guide members on the incident end surface side overlap with each other in the integrator.

An optical detection circuit includes: a first optical detection element having a first anode and a first cathode, the first optical detection element being configured to generate voltage between the first anode and the first cathode due to photoelectromotive force generated in accordance with incident-light quantity; and a first operational amplifier having a first non-inverting input terminal, a first inverting input terminal, and a first output terminal, in which the first non-inverting input terminal is connected to fixed potential, one of the first anode and the first cathode is connected to the first inverting input terminal, and the other of the first anode and the first cathode is connected to the first output terminal.

A method of making an infrared detector assembly (10) with integrated temperature sensing comprises forming at least one IR sensitive element (12,14) on a substrate (16) and forming conductive electrode pads (22,24,26,28,30,32) for (a) IR sensitive element and (b) at least one thermistor (34) on the substrate. The conductive electrode pads and the IR sensitive element are in a centerline symmetrical configuration in which the conductive electrode pads and the IR sensitive element, taken together, are centerline symmetrical about at least one axis (36,38) in a plane of the infrared detector assembly, wherein the centerline symmetrical configuration is operable to reduce a thermal lag time between a temperature of the at least one thermistor and a temperature of the IR sensitive element during temperature transients. Each of first and second thermistor conductive electrode pads (30,32) has two pad end portions (40,42) spaced from each other and joined via a pad mid-portion (44) that comprises a thermal loss reduction member.

An optical measurement device includes a light source, a first detector, and a second detector. The light source emits light to a measurement site of a patient and one or more detectors detect the light from the light source. At least a portion of a detector is translucent and the light passes through the translucent portion prior to reaching the measurement site. A detector receives the light after attenuation and/or reflection or refraction by the measurement site. A processor determines a light intensity of the light source, a light intensity through a tissue site, or a light intensity of reflected or refracted light based on light detected by the one or more detectors. The processor can estimate a concentration of an analyte at the measurement site or an absorption or reflection at the measurement site.

Disclosed is a bio illuminance measuring apparatus including a circadian lambda filter passing external light along according to a circadian rhythm sensitivity curve, a visual lambda filter passing the external light along according to a visual sensitivity curve, a photo sensing portion sensing and converting the external light, which has passed through the circadian lambda filter, into a circadian wavelength signal and sensing and converting the external light, which has passed through the visual lambda filter, into a visual wavelength signal, and an illuminance calculating portion which calculates a ratio between the circadian wavelength signal and the visual wavelength signal, calculates a circadian action factor by applying the ratio between the circadian wavelength signal and the visual wavelength signal to a circadian action function which varies according to the visual wavelength signal, and calculates a bio illuminance value of the external light on the basis of the circadian action factor.

In one example, an apparatus comprises: a photodiode configured to generate charge in response to incident light within an exposure period; and a quantizer configured to perform at least one of a first quantization operation to generate a first digital output or a second quantization to generate a second digital output, and output, based on a range of an intensity of the incident light, one of the first digital output or the second digital output to represent the intensity of the incident light. The first quantization operation comprises quantizing at least a first part of the charge during the exposure period to generate the first digital output. The second quantization operation comprises quantizing at least a second part of the charge after the exposure period to generate the second digital output.