An optical sensor includes light sources configured to emit light, a substrate on which the light sources are mounted, the substrate comprising holes in regions on which the light sources are mounted, and a first photodetector configured to receive a first light emitted from a front surface of each of the light sources, the first light being reflected or scattered from an object. The optical sensor further includes at least one second photodetector configured to receive a second light emitted from a rear surface of each of the light sources, the second light passing through the holes corresponding to the light sources.

An assembly and a method for measuring a gas concentration by means of absorption spectroscopy, in particular for capnometric measurement of the proportion of CO.sub.2 in breathing air in which IR light from a thermal light source is guided through a measuring cell with a gas mixture to be analyzed, and the concentration of the gas to be measured that is contained in the gas mixture is determined by measuring an attenuation of the light introduced into the measuring cell caused by absorption by the gas to be measured. The thermal light source is designed as an encapsulated micro-incandescent lamp with a light-generating coil.

A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

A collection optics system for a spectrometer and a Raman spectral system including the collection optics system is provided. The collection optics system is configured to selectively collect a Raman signal from scattered light output from a target object, the collection optics system includes a non-imaging collection unit configured to collect the Raman signal and output the Raman signal, the non-imaging collection unit including an entrance surface on which the scattered light is incident and an exit surface through which the Raman signal is output, and a Raman filter provided on a portion of the entrance surface of the non-imaging collection unit and configured to block the scattered light including a fluorescence signal. Therefore, the collection optics system may suppress reception of the fluorescence signal of the scattered light and selectively collect the Raman signal.

A compact, portable Raman spectrometer makes fast, sensitive standoff measurements at little to no risk of eye injury or igniting the materials being probed. This spectrometer uses differential Raman spectroscopy and ambient light measurements to measure point-and-shoot Raman signatures of dark or highly fluorescent materials at distances of 1 cm to 10 m or more. It scans the Raman pump beam(s) across the sample to reduce the risk of unduly heating or igniting the sample. Beam scanning also transforms the spectrometer into an instrument with a lower effective safety classification, reducing the risk of eye injury. The spectrometer's long standoff range automatic focusing make it easier to identify chemicals through clear and translucent obstacles, such as flow tubes, windows, and containers. And the spectrometer's components are light and small enough to be packaged in a handheld housing or housing suitable for a small robot to carry.

An integrated cavity output spectroscopic (ICOS) device includes a cavity and a mirror positioned at an output end of the cavity. The ICOS device also includes a first collection lens positioned between a detector and the mirror at the output end of the cavity, and a second collection lens positioned between the first collection lens and the detector. The ICOS device further includes an optical component configured to reduce skew of an optical signal output from the cavity, where the optical component is positioned between the mirror and the first collection lens.

A semiconductor-device inspection apparatus includes a stage configured to allow a measurement target to be placed thereon, an actuator configured to move the stage in a vertical direction, a detector configured to detect a plurality of Raman spectra from scattered light that has been scattered away from the measurement target, and a processor configured to generate a plurality of spectral images for a measurement variable by using the plurality of Raman spectra detected by the detector, wherein the detector is further configured to detect the plurality of Raman spectra at different vertical levels of the measurement target.

A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Correction optics (10) are disposed in an optical path directly behind an entry slit (1) of a spectrometer (100) and configured to warp a straight object line shape (A1) of the entry slit (1) into a curved object line shape (B1) from a point of view of the projection optics (2,3,4). The warping of the correction optics (10) is configured such that a curvature (R1) of the curved object line shape (B1) counteracts an otherwise distorting curvature (R5) in a projection (A5) of the straight object line shape (A1) by the projection optics (2,3,4) without the correction optics (10). As a result, the spectrally resolved image (B5) comprises a plurality of parallel straight projected line shapes formed by spectrally resolved projections of the straight object line shape (A1).

A multispectral light source device includes a substrate, a plurality of light-emitting diodes, a cover body and a light guide body. The light-emitting diodes are disposed on the substrate. A plurality of waveband lights with different wavelengths are emitted by the light-emitting diodes. The cover body is disposed on the substrate, and the light-emitting diodes are covered by the cover body. The light guide body is disposed on the substrate. The light guide body has a light guide outlet. The substrate has a first diameter, the light guide outlet has a second diameter, and the ratio of the first diameter to the second diameter is in a range between 9 to 15, so that the waveband lights are moved and converged in the light guide body and emitted through the light guide outlet. As a result, the product can be miniaturized, and the handheld detection instrument can be implemented.