Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods for characterizing a biological sample in vivo or ex vivo in real-time using time-resolved spectroscopy. A light source generates a light pulse or continuous light wave and excites the biological sample, inducing a responsive fluorescent signal. A demultiplexer splits the signal into spectral bands and a time delay is applied to the spectral bands so as to capture data with a detector from multiple spectral bands from a single excitation pulse. The biological sample is characterized by analyzing the fluorescence intensity magnitude and/or decay of the spectral bands. The sample may comprise one or more exogenous or endogenous fluorophore. The device may be a two-piece probe with a detachable, disposable distal end. The systems may combine fluorescence spectroscopy with other optical spectroscopy or imaging modalities. The light pulse may be focused at a single focal point or scanned or patterned across an area.

Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods for characterizing a biological sample in vivo or ex vivo in real-time using time-resolved spectroscopy. A light source generates a light pulse or continuous light wave and excites the biological sample, inducing a responsive fluorescent signal. A demultiplexer splits the signal into spectral bands and a time delay is applied to the spectral bands so as to capture data with a detector from multiple spectral bands from a single excitation pulse. The biological sample is characterized by analyzing the fluorescence intensity magnitude and/or decay of the spectral bands. The sample may comprise one or more exogenous or endogenous fluorophore. The device may be a two-piece probe with a detachable, disposable distal end. The systems may combine fluorescence spectroscopy with other optical spectroscopy or imaging modalities. The light pulse may be focused at a single focal point or scanned or patterned across an area.

A color measuring apparatus includes an opening portion that is provided in a bottom portion of the apparatus and takes light from a measurement target into the apparatus, an incident light processing unit that processes light that enters the apparatus through the opening portion, a housing that covers an apparatus internal unit including the incident light processing unit, at least one protrusion member that is configured to switch between a first state in which the protrusion member protrudes from a bottom surface of the housing and a second state in which the protrusion member does not protrude from the bottom surface of the housing, and at least one pressing member that presses the protrusion member in a protruding direction from the bottom surface of the housing.

An optical sensor. The optical sensor comprises a substrate and a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The substrate is formed from a semiconductor. The Fabry-Perot interferometer comprises a first mirror and a second mirror, and is mounted on the substrate such that light is transmitted through the interferometer to the substrate. The substrate is doped such that a region of the substrate to which light is transmitted by the interferometer forms a photodiode.

Disclosed herein is an electronic apparatus and method capable of identifying a state of an object. The electronic apparatus includes a light-emitting diode array configured to transmit light beams having different wavelengths, a photodiode array configured to receive the light beams, a display, and a processor configured to control the light-emitting diode array to transmit the light beams having the different wavelengths toward an object, identify a state of the object based on intensities reflected on the object according to the light beams having the different wavelengths that are received by the photodiode array, and display information about the state of the object on the display.

A system and method for automated lens adjustment for hyperspectral imaging is described. The system includes an image sensor and an electrically-controllable element arranged to set a spectral band for image capture by (i) selectively providing light for a selected spectral band or (ii) selectively filtering light to a selected spectral band. The system includes a tunable lens that is adjustable to change a focal length of the lens; and one or more data storage devices storing data that indicates different focus adjustment parameters corresponding to different spectral bands. The system includes a control system configured to perform operations including: selecting a spectral band; controlling the electrically-controllable element to set the spectral band for image capture; retrieving the focus adjustment parameter that corresponds to the spectral band; adjusting the lens based on the retrieved focus adjustment parameter; and capturing an image of the subject while the lens remains adjusted.

A spectroscopic measurement apparatus includes an optical system, a photodetector, and an analysis unit. The optical system guides measurement target light from an object to a light receiving surface of the photodetector, and forms a spectral image of the measurement target light on the light receiving. The photodetector includes the light receiving surface on which a plurality of pixels are arranged respectively on a plurality of rows. The photodetector receives the spectral image for a first exposure time by a plurality of pixels in a first region on the light receiving surface, and outputs first spectrum data. The photodetector receives the spectral image for a second exposure time by a plurality of pixels in a second region on the light receiving surface, and outputs second spectrum data. The second exposure time is longer than the first exposure time.

A spectroscopic measurement apparatus includes an optical system, a photodetector, and an analysis unit. The optical system guides measurement target light from an object to a light receiving surface of the photodetector, and forms a spectral image of the measurement target light on the light receiving. The photodetector includes the light receiving surface on which a plurality of pixels are arranged respectively on a plurality of rows. The photodetector receives the spectral image for a first exposure time by a plurality of pixels in a first region on the light receiving surface, and outputs first spectrum data. The photodetector receives the spectral image for a second exposure time by a plurality of pixels in a second region on the light receiving surface, and outputs second spectrum data. The second exposure time is longer than the first exposure time.

This relates to systems and methods for measuring a concentration and type of substance in a sample at a sampling interface. The systems can include a light source, optics, one or more modulators, a reference, a detector, and a controller. The systems and methods disclosed can be capable of accounting for drift originating from the light source, one or more optics, and the detector by sharing one or more components between different measurement light paths. Additionally, the systems can be capable of differentiating between different types of drift and eliminating erroneous measurements due to stray light with the placement of one or more modulators between the light source and the sample or reference. Furthermore, the systems can be capable of detecting the substance along various locations and depths within the sample by mapping a detector pixel and a microoptics to the location and depth in the sample.

This relates to systems and methods for measuring a concentration and type of substance in a sample at a sampling interface. The systems can include a light source, optics, one or more modulators, a reference, a detector, and a controller. The systems and methods disclosed can be capable of accounting for drift originating from the light source, one or more optics, and the detector by sharing one or more components between different measurement light paths. Additionally, the systems can be capable of differentiating between different types of drift and eliminating erroneous measurements due to stray light with the placement of one or more modulators between the light source and the sample or reference. Furthermore, the systems can be capable of detecting the substance along various locations and depths within the sample by mapping a detector pixel and a microoptics to the location and depth in the sample.